Le connecteur mais au début d’une réplique dans le dialogue et ses équivalents polonais sont considérés comme des marqueurs de l’attitude énonciative (Anscombre 2009). L’analyse a montré qu’en polonais l’opposition est souvent intensifiée et le connecteur ale/ ależ est facultatif. L’opposition peut aussi être affaiblie, l’interprétation dépend des expressions telles que lecz, co tam, co ty, etc. Dans la traduction du polonais en français, presque systématiquement mais est ajouté au début de la réplique, ce qui aussi montre des contraintes discursives spécifiques pour les deux langues. L’approche contrastive a démontré que l’approche de mais comme marqueur de l’attitude énonciative d’opposition permet d’expliquer d’une manière plus générale et systématique le rôle de ses équivalents polonais, qui dans le texte, réalisent divers aspects de ses fonctions sémantico-pragmatiques.
EN
The French connective mais at the beginning of a reply in a dialogue and its Polish counterpart are regarded as indicating enunciative attitude (attitude énonciative, Anscombre 2009). Analysis shows that in Polish texts an opposed position is frequently strengthened by the addition of several words and the connective ale/ależ at the beginning of a reply is then facultative, or it can be weaker and then other markers (lecz, co tam, co ty, etc.) are decisive for understanding the text. In translating into French, translators often add the word mais at the beginning of a reply. Contrastive analysis showed that the use of mais is much more systematic and general than the Polish words which give varying degrees of complexity at the semantic-pragmatic level.
PL
Francuski konektor mais na początku repliki w dialogu i jego polskie odpowiedniki ukazane są jako wyznaczniki postawy wypowiadaniowej (jak proponuje to Anscombre 2009). Analiza wykazała, że w języku polskim często opozycję intensyfikują rozmaite wyrażenia, a konektor ale/ależ jest na początku repliki fakultatywny. Opozycja może być też osłabiona, interpretacja zależy zaś od wyrażeń takich jak lecz, co tam, co ty itp. W tłumaczeniu z języka polskiego na francuski często mais jest wprowadzane na początku repliki. Ujęcie kontrastywne wykazało że ujęcie mais jako wyznacznika postawy wypowiadaniowej pozwala wyjaśnić w sposób bardziej ogólny i systematyczny rolę ekwiwalentów polskich, które w tekście oddają rozmaite aspekty jego funkcji semantyczno-pragmatycznych.
Students' translations into Polish of the French expression soi disant (found in the "Frantext" programme) are considered on two Ievels: that of linguistic means used (modalisers, antonymous modality, apparent reported speech, verb expressions of the type: vouloir/paraitre/passer pour and ways of quoting another discourse (possibility of using explicite/implicite). The semantic and contrastive approach appears to be useful in the description of Polish words (e.g. niejako), particularly difficult from the point of view of the theory of combinations.Translation
Free direct speech (discours direct libre) is a form of quotation based on interpretation, and although it currently is of interest to French researchers, the definition and characteristics of this concept is questionable. Polish researchers do not recognize it as a category. In its canonical form, exhibiting the updating of the quoted discourse and the lack of discourse of the quoting person, it occurs in literary texts in different variants. It is similar in the case of target texts in Polish, where several types of modification of the structure of the original text can be considered as creative solutions of the translator.
The integration of direct speech into narratives in French and in Polish The present paper states how the choice of the introductory verb and the form of the quoting discourse are determined by the tenor of the quoted utterance, the linguistic context and the kind of narrative text. The same three factors explain some of the prominent features shown by the translations of press texts vs. literary texts. In the first case, the kind of text is essential (as neutral verbs mówić, powiedzieć are frequently used in Polish press articles, undertranslation often occurs in the process of translation from the French). In the second case, namely of the literary texts, the modification of the quoted utterance and the choice of the introductory verb depend mainly on how the translator did reconstruct the situation of enunciation.
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