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1
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Arkadiusz Janicki, Michał Laszczkowski, Ēriks Jēkabsons, Polentechnikum, Warszawa 2012

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2014
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issue 21
386-387
2
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Synodalne źródła nauk dla kapłanów w metropolii kijowskiej do XVII wieku

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2014
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vol. Synody Cerkwi Prawosławnej w I Rzeczypospolitej
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issue 5
181-194
EN
In the 16th and 17th centuries teachings for priests in the Metropolitanate of Kiev became more accessible due to appearance of the first typographies. Teachings were reaching the recipients also in the form of a pastoral letter, the message to the clergy or as an admonishment. The last one was preached according to tradition, by metropolitan or bishop during the meetings of the Synod just after the solemn liturgy. Written teachings closer to the “synodal” in content were handed to the newly ordained priests prior to their departure to the designated parishes. Admonishments for the priests also came in the form of a sermon. They were separate words addressed to the representatives of the clergy or a short teachings presented as a part of a homily on Sunday or a holiday. Significant were also teachings about canonic authority, created by Orthodox hierarchs and often formulated or approved during the council works and collected in a set of principles, rules. Typically, they were similar in content to the teachings mentioned before. However, were characterized by greater brevity in the form of short recommendations disciplinary, legal and liturgical in character. In the 17th century, a rich source of the teachings for the priests was a theological treatises and guides gradually more present in the publishing offer. A special significance for the priests had nomocanons, collections of church laws. It is worth mentioning also a printed collection of sermons and other works of the Fathers of the Church., Synodal teachings and those presented to a newly priests after ordination were the primer for the clergy. It contained basic information about the life of a priest, determined the scope of his duties and were supported by the authority on the canonical sources. This period of the cultural revival ends with the events of the last decades of the 17th century. Left-bank Ukraine becomes a part of the empire of tsars, and in 1686 the Kyiev Metropolitanate is reordered to Patriarch of Moscow. In years 1717-1720 the tsar issues a number of documents which impose restrictions on the printed Ukrainian language and Orthodox Slavonic books of local publishers, and then delegate typographies of Kyiv - Pechersk and Chernihov to work on reprints of books previously censored in Russia. A was also a beginning of new church life system that deprived the priests from dignity, demoralized, and was a display of denial of earlier reforms.
3
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Słowo i obraz – diskos w drukowanych służebnikach pierwszej połowy XVII wieku (metropolia kijowska)

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2021
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vol. Obraz - Słowo - Litera
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issue 12
161-172
EN
Graphics appeared in liturgical books in the Kyiv Metropolitanate in the 17th Century. Some of them were aids for celebrants, as they complemented the textual commentary in the liturgical rubrics and fulfilled a practical role. In the article, we analyze the representations of communion paten/discos (sometimes with additional textual instructions) that were found in liturgiarions in the first half of the mentioned above century. An analysis of these sources shows that the celebrant may have had many problems in liturgical practice due to: – ritual variety; – different systems of understanding the right and left sides in the description of the correct arrangement of the bread on the discos in liturgical rubrics; – a different perspective adopted in the graphic diagram and in the text description in the rubrics (the perspective of the priest looking at the paten or vice versa); – mismatch between the „word“ in the rubrics and the „image“ (sometimes with additional text instruction on the understanding of the right and left sides). Thus, the rubrics commentary itself did not guarantee the correct understanding of the directions and, in consequence the correct arrangement of the particles. Precise indication of them was possible with the help of a graphical diagram intended to be recreated in reality, and the accompanying instruction which confirmed that the figure should be treated as a model.
4
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Dokumentacja polskich studentów Uniwersytetu w Juriewie (Dorpacie) z lat 1893–1918 w zasobie Archiwum Historycznego w Tartu

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2016
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issue 23
336-338
5
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W czytaniu ksiąg trzeba się lubować – Michał Ślozka o księgach*

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2019
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vol. Вѣнецъ хваленїѧ. Studia ofiarowane profesorowi Aleksandrowi Naumowowi na jubileusz 70-lecia
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issue 10
101-114
EN
Mikhailo Slozka, Lviv printer, was the author of many paratexts (prefaces, letters of dedications, heraldic verses) in Cyryllic religious books, mainly liturgical ones. There were books printed on their own initiative and prepared in his typography and those ordered by local Orthodox brotherhood. The reader (mostly clergyman), gained form the knowledge about the role of the book in religious, spiritual and cultural-educational life, he learned respect for books and knowledge. He got to know the creators of the most important books used in the Church and those intended for individual prayer and deepening of the Christian formation. The activities of Slozka undoubtedly favored the renewal of religious and cultural life in the Metropolitanate of Kyiv and are worth further scientific research.
6
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Dwa listy bartników kurpiowskich do króla Prus

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2015
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issue 22
301-308
EN
Two letters of forest bee-keepers from the Przasnysz district to King of Prussia illustrate one of the many conflicts that took place between forest bee-keepers of the Kurpiowska Forest and Prussian local officials. The history of privileges for the forest bee-keepers of the royal estates dates back to the Polish king Casimir the Great (1333–1370). Successive Polish rulers confirmed and extended the rights for forest bee-keepers. Royal privileges, as well as, a significant isolation of forest settlements, led to the creation of a clear sense of separateness of Kurpie residents from other royal subjects. Despite the care and support from the king himself, misunderstandings with local authorities on the amount of honey impositions and other easements occurred often. One such dispute started back in the times of Polish Lithuanian Republic and was continued after the partitions of the Republic when Kurpie came under the rule of King of Prussia. Situation of forest bee-keepers became particularly difficult because at the same time apart from oppressive attitude of the local district governor, the policy of the state underwent a radical change and the economic situation downturn badly shaken the forest production. Appeals to the royal justice had not brought results that were expected by forest bee-keepers.
7
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Korespondencja Ministerstwa Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego z austro-węgierskimi władzami okupacyjnymi w sprawie przejęcia archiwaliów pozostawionych przez urzędy rosyjskie (marzec–lipiec 1918)

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2018
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issue 25
309-323
8
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Koncesja na handel obwoźny dla Izraela Jankiela z Kalwarii wydana w 1802 roku

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2018
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issue 25
281-288
9
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List Mikołaja Białkowskiego do króla Prus Fryderyka Wilhelma III w sprawie posady nauczyciela szkoły we wsi Węgra (1802 r.)

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2019
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vol. 26
137-143
EN
New East Prussia was a poor and neglected province, both in economic and cultural sense. Village schools offered poor quality of education, due to lack of appropriately qualified teachers. Filling teaching positions in New East Prussia rural schools was not an easy task; people employed there usually did not meet the requirements of the profession. Position of a village teacher was often a sort of retirement for old soldiers in poor health. The published document is a complaint of one of such teachers, Mikołaj Białkowski, against the local Schultheiß. The complaint is addressed to the King of Prussia and includes a request for guaranteed exclusive right to teach children in Węgra village in Przasnysz county
10
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Bremisches Jahrbuch, Band 88–92, Bremen 2009–2013

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2014
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issue 21
395-398
11

Argument „zmysłowy” w siedemnastowiecznych prawosławnych kazaniach w Rzeczypospolitej

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Nowak A.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2015
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vol. 161
125 - 135
EN
The “alphabet of senses” topos, popular in Polish Baroque literature, was also frequent in Ukrainian composition of the same period. It was very trendy those days to use strategies based on the compositive scheme of five elements enumeration, which is perfectly illustrated by sacramental commentaries of confirmation and anointing of the sick. Preachers like poets, tried to trigger the sensual imagination of arecipient, so that he could see, hear, taste and even smell the scent of both the infernal pit and heavenly meadow. Threatening bodily torments, luring sensory pleasures pastors were probably guided by the hope of effectiveness and spiritual benefit that comes from the persuasive power of these carefully selected “sense arguments.”
12

Starość nie tylko latami mierzona w ruskiej literaturze żałobnej (XVII wiek)

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Nowak A.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 163
337-348
EN
In Ukrainian and Belarusian 17th century literature of mourning there is no one common to all the authors vision of old age. It was presented as adifficult state, filled with suffering and even dangerous for those whom mental and bodily weakness prevented the holding of penance-delayed too long. At the same time, this grim vision coexisted with the optimistic picture of the autumn of life active and fruitful in creative activities. Old age was the penalty for sin, but also one way of moving away from him and sourcing selection everlasting. Old age was sometimes synonymous with maturity, wisdom, young people, could be asymbol of duration in sin. Despite that dra ws certain tendency to recognition of the topic related to the fact that these considerations were partly subordinated to panegyric, and above all pastoral goal. Traditional mourning for the composition elements: to show the size of the loss, mourning the dead or solace grief of the living, most often occur as acomponent of moral exhortations and instructions. The explanation of this trend must be sought in an environment of contemporary authors’ funeral compositions. They were mainly representatives of the intellectual elite of clerical: priests, bishops and archimandrites; church reformers at the same time, cultural activists, workers and publisher. So those who took on their shoulders the renewal of religious life and spiritual and cultural life in The Metropolitanate of Kiev, realizing it and by disseminated in mourning texts role models and moral attitude.
UK
В українській та білоруській жалобній літературі 17-го століття відсутнє спільне для всіх авторів бачення старості. Вона зображена передусім як складний стан, наповнений стражданням, особливо небезпечний для тих, кому психічна та тілесна слабість не дозволила здійснити надто довго відкладуваного покаяння. Водночас цей похмурий образ співіснував з оптимістичною картиною осени життя — активної і плідної творчою діяльністю. Старість була водночас покаранням за гріх, засобом відходу від нього і здобування доброї вічності. Іноді — синонімом зрілості, мудрості молодих, або символом гріховного існування. Попри ці суперечності у підході до проблеми старості можна простежити певну тенденцію використання теми. Вона пов’язана з фактом часткового її підпорядкування панегіричній та, перш за все, пастирській меті. Традиційні елементи траурних композицій: зазначення розміру втрати, оплакування померлого, заспокоєння душевного болю живих — найчастіше виступають як компоненти моральних настанов та інструкцій. Пояснення цієї тенденції слід шукати в середовищі авторів — в основному представників інтелектуальної еліти, насамперед духовної (єпископи, ігумени та архімандрити), в той же час церковних реформаторів, культурних діячів, видавців. Отже, це були подвижники оновлення релігійного та духовно-культурного життя в Київській Митрополії, які реалізували його, між іншим, шляхом поширення в траурних текстах життєвих взірців та зразків моральної поведінки.
13
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Polonika w archiwach obwodowych w Żytomierzu i Chmielnickim (Ukraina)

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2008-2009
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vol. 15-16
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issue 15-16
217-221
PL
Przegląd poloników w archiwach ukraińskich w Żytomierzu i w Chmielnickim.
14
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Bremisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 97, Bremen 2018

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2019
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vol. 26
200-204
PL
recenzja (omówienie)
15
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Bremisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 94, Bremen 2015

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2016
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issue 23
329-331
16
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Laudacje dla biskupów w spuściźnie pisarskiej i działalności Michała Ślozki – świeckiego wydawcy

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2018
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vol. Rola laikatu w życiu Cerkwi
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issue 9
61-72
EN
The publishing activity of Ruthenian typographies influenced religious and cultural development in the Metropolitanate of Kyiv. He was also favored by Michał Ślozka’s writing and publishing activity. Printed by him laudations for bishops involved in the spiritual and mental development of the Christian community (occasional compositions and letters of dedication) played a constructive role. Integrated the recipients of the books ( the faithful and the lower clergy) around the indicated guides. They strengthened the community’s sense of pride in the plan of the Eastern Church’s renewal, despite of many difficulties. They were, therefore, part of a wider tendency at that time to institutionally consolidate the Church.
17
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Polscy studenci na Uniwersytecie w Dorpacie w latach 1802–1918

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2014
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issue 21
129-135
EN
The University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) is one of the oldest universities in the Eastern Europe. It was founded by King of Sweden Gustav II Adolf in 1632. After a long break in operating due to the long wars the University resumed its activities in 1802, already under the Russian rule. The University was organized on the German model and in comparison with other universities existing in the Russian Empire, it featured the atmosphere of freedom of thought and research, especially in the first decades after the reopening. At the University of Dorpat studied representatives of many nationalities, including Poles. Historians have often tried to determine the national composition of students. In the holdings of the Historical Archive in Tartu is preserved rich documentation of the university from the years 1802–1918, being now the fond. No 402. 14-piece-inventory developed in German and Russian facilitates access to the fond. The fond contains a lot of data on students: their personal affairs, collective lists (of students, the enrolled, graduates, lists of people liable to military service, hand-written curriculum vitae) and materials relating to student organizations (corporations, special interest groups). Unfortunately, in none of these types of sources one can find information about the nationalities, so in many cases the nationality of individual students could be determinated on the basis of the unreliable criteria such as the following: names, religion, place of birth. Therefore, any attempt to determine the exact national composition of students in Tartu is always subject to a certain margin of error.
18
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Co za rozum zamyka w sobie ta księga… Rama wydawnicza druków cerkiewnych jako źródło wiedzy o księdze

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2016
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vol. Dawna cyrylicka księga drukowana: twórcy i czytelnicy
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issue 7
177-193
EN
Preliminaries and back matter elements introduce recipient in the world of book. In the paper on the example of selected oktoechos printed in the seventeenth century in metropolitanate of Kiev, we try to show that they transmitted the most important, brief metatextual information. Authors of prefaces, dedications, epigraphs and sometimes also afterwords usually motivated their decision to edit a title. A cognitive function of this information is important but it must be emphasized that they served primarily to build the authority of books, to demonstrate importance of hymns in the religious life of the community. They tutored and formed the Christian recipient, encouraging the acquisition and zealous use of valuable spiritual source of prayer and living faith.
19
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Bremisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 96, Bremen 2017

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Nowak A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2018
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issue 25
365-368
20
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Na drodze reformy. O kandydatach do stanu duchownego w metropolii kijowskiej (XVI-XVII w.)

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Nowak A.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2015
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vol. Cerkiew w drodze
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issue 6
9-18
EN
Repair and restoration of the priesthood ethos, to which 17th century church reformers striven, was the basis of spiritual and religious and organizational renewal in the Ruthenian Church. It was associated closely with the selection of suitable candidates for the priesthood. Expressions of the aspiration to organize episcopal, presbyterate, or diaconate ordination affairs, were already special regulations, which appeared in the manuscript archbishops’ liturgiarions. Problem of appropriate spiritual and substantive preparation for the priesthood, was the subject of prints issued since the 17th century synodal teachings of the bishop to priests, articles of liturgical books, theological treatises, catechisms, forewords to the books of the Orthodox liturgical use. Dissemination through print sources for responsible priesthood, was to serve the normalization rules for selection of candidates for the priesthood and influenced the spiritual-religious and as consequence, cultural revival in the Metropolitanate of Kiev
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