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Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and Russian

100%
Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2011
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issue 11
EN
Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.
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Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian Languages

100%
Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian LanguagesMany studies in contemporary linguistics focus on investigating politeness and rudeness in language. This paper, however, has not been intended as a contrastive study of the phenomena in question. Language politeness and rudeness are conveyed by means of expressions of politeness and rudeness which are perceived as entrenched and recurring in specific situations. These expressions convey the expected meaning of politeness and rudeness accepted in the model of social behaviour. If one uses the explicative method such expressions could be reduced to the following formula ‘I inform you that I follow a verbal conduct defined as polite’. Owing to the emergence of parallel corpora of particular languages, it is nowadays easier to collect data for research on forms of address as well as on expressions of politeness in the first half of the 21st century. Investigating the meaning of forms of address, which are part of linguistic repertoire used to express politeness and rudeness should be regarded as an interesting area of research. It is the consequence of the increasing importance of intercultural communication, expansion of international cooperation, and formation of new standards of interpersonal communication aimed at achieving mutual understanding without resorting to violence. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no bilingual dictionaries which would include practical rules for using forms of address. Moreover, dictionaries (especially bilingual ones) also do not list classifiers of politeness, which becomes a shortcoming as regards the purposes of translation and teaching foreign languages. The aforementioned problems apply to print as well as computer dictionaries. A reliable list of forms of address and their meaning may become helpful in intercultural communication. It would be also important to create a Contemporary Dictionary of Expressions of Politeness and Rudeness in a paper as well as a computer version.
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Współczesne losy liczebnika polskiego i rosyjskiego w ujęciu konfrontatywnym

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Sosnowski W.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2013
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vol. 48
EN
Contemporary Polish and Russian numerals. A contrastive studyNumerals have always been a matter of great interest among linguists, because since pre-Slavic times this lexical category and its inflections have undergone many changes, which has usually meant simplification. Contrastive studies of Polish and Russian numerals have shown that this grammatical category is one of the most difficult categories to acquire and master. Numerals are the only category that has undergone such profound unifications in its declension paradigm. Currently, there are many innovations regarding the grammatical forms of numerals occurring in the language use as well as in descriptive norms. Among these changes, the following are the most significant: the grammatical forms of cardinal numerals have replaced these of ordinal numerals; numeral inflections are gradually disappearing; collective numerals have dropped their inflections. What is more, difficult case inflections are being supplanted by “simple” inflections, and the initial parts of collective numerals are no longer inflected. Another tendency observed is that syntactic placements characteristic for inflected numerals are being replaced by ones characteristic for other “simple” inflections. The abovementioned innovations are present in the synthetic linguistic systems of Polish and Russian to a different extent. The changes exhibit strong analytic tendencies in both languages. These changes manifest themselves predominantly in the lack of inflection in most forms, which is characteristic for analytic languages.
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Wstępne wyniki badań cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Linowie, gm. Świecie n/Osą, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie, stanowisko 6

63%
Bokiniec E., Sosnowski W.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LIV
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issue 54
147-152
EN
A destroyed Wielbark Culture cemetery at Linowo was discovered in 1986, and excavated in 1991–93. At the cemetery 39 graves dated to the Roman Period were found (19 pit graves, 3 urn graves and 17 inhumation graves). The skeletons were orientated N-S, deceased were laid on back, heads toward north, what is typical for the Wielbark Culture. However, the skeleton from the grave 66 was laid on his left side with legs bent, and in three undisturbed graves (68, 69A, 69B) the skeletons were placed without any anatomical order, as if the dead were quartered before burial. The oldest graves from the cemetery came from the phase B2/C1 (grave 17 with brooches type A.96; fig. 2), or even from the phase B2c (grave 105 with abrooche type A.128, fig. 2). Grave 1 with a brooch type A.162 and a silver S-clasp type B may be dated to the phase C1a. Quite richly were furnished inhumation graves from the phases C1b–C2. Grave 89 contained abrooche to type A.168, a few clay vessels and a necklace with 6 silver lunula pendants, 12 amber beads and 26 glass beads (Fig. 4), while grave 66 produced a fibula similar to type A.167, a necklace of 14 amber eight-shaped beads, 22 glass beads and bronze bucket-shaped pendant (Fig. 3). The youngest grave at the cemetery produced the belt buckle with thickened frame typical for the phase D (Fig. 2).
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Lakunarność we frazeologii na przykładzie języka bułgarskiego i polskiego

63%
Blagoeva D., Sosnowski W.
Językoznawstwo
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2022
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vol. 17
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issue 2
49-56
EN
The article deals with the issue of gaps in phraseological units in the Bulgarian and Polish languages. Different views on the types and degrees of interlinguistic equivalence in phraseology are commented on. It is emphasized that the presence or absence of interlingual equivalence in phraseological units should be determined through semantic analysis. Rich illustrative material, including idioms, stable comparisons and other types of set phrases, were examined.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę lakunarności jednostek frazeologicznych w języku bułgarskim i polskim. W tekście przedstawione są różne poglądy na temat typów i stopni ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej we frazeologii. Autorzy podkreślają, że obecność lub brak ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej w jednostkach frazeologicznych powinny być ustalane na podstawie semantyki. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na obszernym materiale ilustracyjnym, obejmującym idiomy, utrwalone porównania i inne typy jednostek frazeologicznych.
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Polsko-bułgarskie korpusy IS PAN i CLARIN-PL

51%
Roszko D., Roszko R., Sosnowski W.
Slavica Lodziensia
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2018
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vol. 2
59-70
EN
Multilingual corpora have found many applications in arts and humanities and social sciences, as well as in translation. A number of ways exist in which multilingual corpora can be used. Translators and CAT users would predominantly use translation memories (TM). Other users can choose from two ways of accessing the resources produced by The Institute of Slavic Studies. In the first method, the user needs to download the open-source TMX translation memories from CLARIN-PL DSpace repository (https://clarin-pl.eu/dspace) and load it into their preferred computer application. One can found free and proprietary applications that facilitate querying multilingual corpora; CLARIN-PL also offers free tools. The other method of accessing the multilingual data produced by The Institute of Slavic Studies does not require any advanced computer skills from the user. CLARIN-PL webpage includes the KonText search engine, which contains also Polish-Bulgarian resources (https://kontext. clarin-pl.eu/). The Polish-Bulgarian corpus contains the following types of resources: (1) fiction literature, (2) specialist literature (literature that is a reflection of the latest technological and cultural developments); and (3) film dialogues, which are the most similar to spoken language.
PL
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A lexicographical approach to the contrastive analysis of Bulgarian and Polish phraseology

51%
Blagoeva D., Jaskot M. P., Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2019
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issue 19
EN
A lexicographical approach to the contrastive analysis of Bulgarian and Polish phraseologyThis article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages. Konfrontacja językowa bułgarskiej i polskiej frazeologii – podejście leksykograficzneW artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia koncepcji i metodologii układania Leksykonu aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej. Autorzy prezentują teoretyczne podstawy badania, poruszają problem ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej, zasad wyboru i weryfikacji prezentowanego materiału frazeologicznego, metodologii przedstawienia informacji leksykograficznej w Leksykonie. Materiał jest zilustrowany różnorodnymi przykładami aktywnych jednostek frazeologicznych w języku bułgarskim i polskim.
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From the Problems of Dictionaries and Multi-lingual Corpora

51%
Koseska-Toszewa V., Satoła-Staśkowiak J., Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
From the Problems of Dictionaries and Multi-lingual CorporaThe article describes the work on a number of dictionaries being developed by the Corpus Linguistics and Semantics Group of the Institute of Slavic PAS. They include “Contemporary Bulgarian-Polish Dictionary”, “Bulgarian-Polish Online Dictionary” and “Russian-Bulgarian-Polish Dictionary”. The dictionaries differ in the numbers of entries, as well as in the different degrees of their connection with parallel corpora being elaborated under the “Clarin” project. All the discussed dictionaries are similar with respect to their use of traditional, syntactic classifiers and of semantic classifiers, introduced for the first time in the existing lexicographical practice. Thanks to the “Polish-Bulgarian-Russian Corpus”, the Group has managed to verify the results of contrasting Polish and Bulgarian in the light of scope-based logical quantification. Thanks to the Russian material added to the trilingual corpus, the researchers have managed to confirm the fact that from the viewpoint of “incomplete quantification” Russian and Polish (synthetic languages) behave similarly, and are opposed to the analytic Bulgarian.
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