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PL
Publiczna debata na temat efektowności funkcjonowania modeli nadzoru nad rynkiem finansowym w okresie ogólnoświatowego kryzysu 2007-2011 znalazła swój finał w reformach prowadzących do utworzenia unii bankowej. Wśród powtarzających się zarzutów adresowanych do instytucji nadzoru finansowego były m.in. ich spóźnione reakcje na pojawiające się symptomy zagrożenia oraz mało stanowcze i skuteczne działania przeciwdziałające rozprzestrzenianiu się skutków kryzysu. Celem artykułu jest próba przedstawienia stanu prac UE w zakresie ochrony systemu bankowego oraz korzyści płynących z tych zmian zarówno dla państw strefy euro, jak i pozostałych członków UE, jak np. Polska. Opracowanie powstało w oparciu o przegląd dostępnej literatury oraz badania własne w ww. zakresie. Wnioski z artykułu wskazują m.in. na konieczność dokonania reform modelu nadzoru finansowego oraz na poprawę atrakcyjności promowanego rozwiązania, szczególnie dla państw nie będących członkiem strefy euro.
EN
Public debate on the effectiveness of the models of financial market supervision during the 2007-2011 global crisis found its final reforms leading to the creation of a banking union. Among the recurring accusations addressed to the financial supervisory institutions were, for example, their delayed reaction to the first signs of danger and not firm and ineffective measures undertaken to combat the crisis. The purpose of this paper is an attempt to present the actions taken by the EU to protect the banking system and the benefits of these changes for both the Euro area countries and other EU members, such as Poland. This paper is based on a review of available literature and own research. The conclusions of the paper indicate, inter alia, the need to reform the system of financial supervision, the need to improve attractiveness of the proposed solution - especially for countries that are not members of the Eurozone.
EN
The money is a widely accepted commodity, by means of which it is possible to determine the economic value of purchased goods and services and make payments. Over the centuries, "money" has evolved many times. Their constantly changing character, generates questions on their future aspect. In the reference to the cryptocurrencies questions are focused on their nature and compliance with the definition of money.
EN
For several years now, there has been more and more information on the difficulties of the co-operative credit union sector in Poland. The Financial Supervision Authority in its reports has pointed to poor financial performance of the sector, intricate capital and personal links between the companies operating within the SKOK Holding S.a.r.l. and, finally, a growing number of credit unions being subject to recovery proceedings . This paper attempts to present the credit union sector in Poland and its current financial situation. The conclusions of the paper confirm that the condition of the credit union sector is weak and that corrective actions such as recapitalization of the sector, its acquisition by the banking sector or other financial institutions as well as the creation of the so-called “bad bank” are absolutely necessary.
EN
The paper is devoted to one of the channels of electronic banking – terminal banking. It presents the efforts of banking sector towards reducing the presence of cash in the financial turnover and lowering the costs of cash transactions thanks to development of high-tech ATM devices. The author points to the dynamics of changes related to the advances in this particular channel of contact, draws attention to the risks accompanying this form of contact and presents alternative forms of communication between a bank and its clients. The paper quotes data obtained from the Polish National Bank, the Polish Banks Association and EAST.
EN
The paper is focused on the still growing market of ATM devices and presents the growth of this market against the background of rapidly developing risks associated with electronic banking services. The paper also lists changes related to the progress in this particular channel of contact and presents alternative forms of communication between a bank and its clients. The paper also highlights the efforts undertaken by the banking sector towards reducing the presence of cash in the financial turnover and lowering the costs of cash transactions due to development of high-tech ATM devices. A growing number of available services, crucial for the ATM functionality and the level of ATMs social acceptability, however multiply the number of risks accompanying this process. Understanding various attack vectors and crimes is crucial to win the race with digital criminals and reduce the number of thefts. The paper quotes data obtained from the Polish National Bank, the Polish Banks Association and EAST.
EN
In recent years crowdfunding has become an important instrument of capital raising. Its importance, popularity and impact are still growing thanks to the development of ICT technologies and new ways of thinking about investments. Both individuals as well as small and middle size enterprises see crowdfunding as a new way of collecting capital by benefiting from free financial assets of Internet users. Therefore, more and more investors are noticing the clear-cut advantages offered by this kind of financial instrument. Crowdfunding is rearranging the way that entrepreneurs finance their endeavors, launch new products and services onto the market and open start-up companies. Crowdfunding’s social impact appears to be undisputed when it comes to start-ups, it also seems to be a key factor contributing to the increase in their number and socio-economic success. The paper presents the basics of crowdfunding i.e. its models, associated risks and growth on Polish and European market. The world reports on crowdfunding and the author’s own research in this field were the main sources of material for this paper.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje próbę wskazania skali zjawiska przestępczości skarbowej w Polsce, popełnianej w zakresie dwóch zobowiązań podatkowych: podatku od wartości towaru i usług (VAT) oraz akcyzy. Rozmiar kwotowy oszustw, zwłaszcza w podatku VAT jest już tak znaczny, że wpływa na uszczuplenie dochodów podatkowych budżetu państwa . Ta przestępczość (dot. podatku VAT) nie jest jedynym powodem zmniejszenia, w okresie ostatnich 3 lat, planowanych wpływów do budżetu państwa. Jest to jednak czynnik bardzo destrukcyjnie wpływający na zachowania, zwłaszcza małych, rodzinnych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, w systemie gospodarczym i podatkowym. Skala opisywanego problemu pozwala na stwierdzenie, że obecnie mamy w Polsce już wyspecjalizowaną, dobrze zorganizowaną przestępczość wykorzystującą mechanizmy podatku VAT w celu wyłudzania należności podatkowych z US i oszukującą też kontrahentów handlowych o wartość nieuregulowanego 23% podatku VAT. Ta sytuacja kreuje zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa społecznego, gospodarczego, poprzez zaniżanie przychodów budżetu państwa i jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.
EN
The paper attempts to identify the scale of fiscal crime perpetrated in Poland in terms of two tax liabilities: the value of goods and services (VAT) and excise duties. The size of quota’s fraud, especially in case of VAT is already so large that it starts to undercut the tax revenue of the state budget. This crime, is not the only reason for the reduction of planned incomes from tax on the value of goods and services to the state budget in the last 3 years. However, it is a very destructive factor influencing the behavior of the economic and tax systems, especially small and medium-sized family businesses. The scale of the described problem leads to the conclusion that currently in Poland there is specialized, well-organized crime using VAT mechanisms to extort tax debt from the Inland Revenue Offices and cheating commercial contractors on the value of the unregulated 23% VAT. This situation creates serious criminal threats to social, economic and public finances.
EN
Detroit likes to be called the Moto City. The city used to be one of the most important automotive regions of the world and one of the strongest industrial regions of the United States. The long-standing position of Detroit as the world market leader was significantly tarnished because of a number of questionable decisions, including financial ones and a misguided automotive policy. As the result, the city eventually had to file for bankruptcy. However, this does not mean the end of this very important place on the arena of international automotive industry. The aim of this paper is to present the plan of corrective actions and supporting steps undertaken by the U.S. Government in order to restore the importance of the city of Detroit, Michigan.
PL
Detroit lubi być określane mianem miasta motoryzacyjnego „Moto City”. Należy ono do grona najważniejszych regionów motoryzacyjnych świata a także jest jednym z najsilniejszych regionów przemysłowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Wieloletnia pozycja miasta na arenie światowej jako lidera, została znacząco nadszarpnięta za sprawą m.in. wątpliwej jakości decyzji - w tym finansowych oraz błędnej polityki samochodowej. Doprowadziło to w konsekwencji do złożenia wniosku o upadłość. Nie oznacza to jednak końca przemysłu samochodowego na tym obszarze. Niniejszy artykuł, oparty na badaniach literaturowych, zawiera prezentację wsparcia i działań naprawczych podejmowanych przez rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki w celu przywrócenia znaczenia Detroit w stanie Michigan i na świecie.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to present the influence of legally regulated interchange fee amount on non-cash turnover. The larger number of point of sale terminals has resulted in the increase in a number and amount of non-cash transactions, what minimally enables banks to compensate for the reductions of revenues due to the above mentioned fee.
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