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Wielkie problemy mikrojęzyka

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EN
The article contains a review of Marinela Mladenova’s book Банатски български книжовен език в контекста на славянската микролингвистика. История, динамика на нормата и езикови политики, the author of which focuses on the normalization and development of the language norms of the Bulgarian minority living in Banat. The literary language of the Banat Bulgarians has the status of an island language because it has been used by the Catholic community for over two hundred years living outside their homeland, in a foreign linguistic environment. It developed its own literary norm through time, mostly under the influence of Croatian, Romanian, and Hungarian, and is now regarded a micro-language. Marinela Mladenowa’s book, as well as the accompanying article, discuss the political and societal reasons that influenced the development of this standard.
PL
Artykuł zwiera recenzję książki Marineli Mladenovej Банатски български книжовен език в контекста на славянската микролингвистика. История, динамика на нормата и езикови политики, której autorka skupia się na normalizacji i rozwoju norm języka bułgarskiej mniejszości zamieszkującej Banat. Literacki język Bułgarów z Banatu ma status języka wyspowego, gdyż posługuje się nim katolicka społeczność od ponad dwustu lat żyjąca poza ojczyzną, w obcym otoczeniu językowym. Z czasem – w dużej mierze pod wpływem języka chorwackiego, rumuńskiego i węgierskiego – rozwinął własną normę literacką i uznawany jest dziś za mikrojęzyk. Książka Marineli Mladenowej, a w ślad za nią także niniejszy artykuł dotyczą czynników politycznych i społecznych, które oddziaływały na rozwój tej normy.
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Bułgarzy banaccy – fenomen trwałości kultury

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Nowadays, the so-called Banat Bulgarians are a numerous group of the descendants of Bulgarian Catholics, which were forced to emigrate to Wallachia in the end of the 17th century and in the beginning of the 18th century and from there in years 1738–1741 to Banat. Small part of them (after 1878) returned to Bulgaria where they establish new villages. Most of them still live in Romanian territory, decidedly less numerous colonies are in Hungary and in Serbia. From the end of 19th century they were a subject of interest to historians and linguists. For historians, their history were extremely  interesting.  For  linguists,  because  they  managed  to  salvage  the  dialect  which became (in the half of the 19th century) a base of literary norm that was to shape their language.
EN
The article depicts reflection over the issue of changes in the Bulgarian anthroponymy from the Bulgarian  National  Revival  period,  which  usually  consists  in  an  inconsistent,  i.e.  concerning only several  historical  figures,  substitution  of  the  Greek  form  Joan  by  the  native  form-  Ivan. Furthermore, the author does not comprehensively answer the questions how and why it happened, although they present the issue as a complex one and possible to conceptualize in myriad ways.
EN
Bulgarian works of a non-religious nature began to be written in the 19th century. They popularized a specific vision of a new literary language and contained suggestions of terms from various fields. Sophronius, bishop of Vratsa belonged to the group of writers who significantly influenced the shape of New Bulgarian literary language. By translating Aesop’s fables into a language understandable to Bulgarians, he laid the foundations of Bulgarian animalistic terminology. The author analyses 66 names of animals contained in the fables translated by Sophronius, indicates their origin and the reasons for using a specific term. She further examines which of these terms are still used, and which have become archaisms or have survived only in folk dialects.
EN
Usage of the word ‘contemporary’ in the title of this article persuades to think of issues which were undertaken by editors of this volume: is emotiveness belong only to texts published by contemporary media, or do we have to accept her limitation to media discourse, or would it be considered in wilder terms and draw attention to variety of ongoing discourses. From this point of view it undoubtedly attracts attention to religious language (characteristic for particular countries and contemporary used), which is still undefined and fragmentarily described. From this perspective author analyses the hagiography language which is included in the most recent edition of Bulgarian monastery on the Saint Athos Mount. The author wonders how influential the exigence of contemporary recipient can be or how the writing tradition. Cited numerous examples try to prove that the religious language of Bulgaria is traditional and refers to inheritance of Old Church Slavonic.
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Kilka uwag o imionach rodopskich Pomaków

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Pomacs are Bulgarian speaking Muslims who accepted Islam between 15th and 19th century. Most of contemporary population of Pomacs, counting overall about 400 thousands, live in the Rodops (the part of the Greek side). For many years the assimilation attempt has been making on this population by changing their Muslim names and surnames. This article concerns about the reasons and the prizes which are paid for these changes. Author relies on her own research and confronts own remarks with dictionary data. 
EN
The author analyzes the folk weather predictions extracted from the volume Народна метеорология (Folk Meteorology) published in 1900. Based on their analysis, she concludes that although the Bulgarian language lacks calendar proverbs, in the folk tradition there were predictions of weather and future crops related to certain important dates of the liturgical calendar. February 1 – the day of St. Tryphon, patron of vineyards and winemakers - is the most important of these dates. These predictions are discussed in the article.
PL
Autorka analizuje ludowe przepowiednie pogody wyekscerpowane z wydanego w roku 1900 tomu Народна метеорология (Ludowa meteorologia). Na podstawie ich analizy stwierdza, że chociaż w języku bułgarskim brakuje przysłów kalendarzowych, to w tradycji ludowej funkcjonowały przepowiednie pogody i przyszłych plonów związane z określonymi ważnymi datami kalendarza liturgicznego. Najważniejszą z tych dat jest 1 lutego – dzień św. Tryfona, patrona winnic i winiarzy. Artykuł zawiera omówienie tych właśnie prognoz.
EN
The names of herbaceous plants belong to the oldest layer of vocabulary in Slavic languages, so many studies have been conducted so far. In addition to the official and scientific nomenclature, there is also a rich folk terminology regarding herbaceous plants. The subject of consideration are just such names, rooted in the language and created by the Bulgarian language users themselves, and especially the part of them which somehow refers to the broadly understood world of animals. The analysis will be limited to the names of herbaceous plants found in Bulgaria. This limitation is dictated by the certainty that we are dealing with a native name, not a borrowing from another language, and the role of these plants in the folk culture. From this point of view both the construction and the word formation motivation are considered.
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In 2006 for the first time after more than 30 years a new translation of Aesop’s fairy tales into Bulgarian by Vladimir Atanasov was published. Aesop’s tales were also translated into Macedonian for the first time (by Valerij Sofronievski) and published in 2008. The article contains discussion and comparison of both translations. A collection of both volumes and classic editions of Aesop’s tales were described and translations were made from them. The authoress precedes her arguments with a short outline of the history of Aesop’s translations into Bulgarian. Particular attention is paid to the translation of bishop Sofroni from the early 19th century, because both discussed contemporary translations clearly refer to this work.
EN
The article discusses Magalena Abadzhieva’s book The Bulgarian-Italian handwritten dictionary of Father Maurizio of 1845: Study and text. Sofia: BAS, 2020 [Абаджиева, Магдалена. Ръкописният българо-италиански речник на отец Маурицио от 1845 г. : Изследване и текст. София: БАН, 2020] in the context of the history of Bulgarian Catholics and their writings. It reveals several disputable points concerning the interpretation of separate words appearing in the Italian missionary’s dictionary, such as arkangel, doniza, kugè. The author confirms the thesis that the work of Father Maurizio may be included in the canon of Bulgarian Catholic literature, as it is a valuable source of knowledge about the Paulician dialect.
PL
Autorka omawia wydaną w 2020 roku książkę Magaleny Abadżiewej Ръкописният българо-италиански речник на отец Маурицио от 1845 г. Изследване и текст, nawiązując do niektórych wątków z historii bułgarskich katolików i dziejów ich piśmiennictwa. Badaczka potwierdza tezę, że dzieło autora-cudzoziemca jest znaczącym wkładem do dorobku bułgarskiego piśmiennictwa katolickiego i stanowi cenne źródło wiedzy o dialekcie paulicjańskim.
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The author reviews the 28 issues of the scientific journal „Славянски диалози” that have been published so far. The journal has been published since 2004, and its publisher is the Faculty of Philology of the University of Paisij Chilendarski in Plovdiv. Attention is drawn to the bohemian thread, present in almost all published volumes in most of the permanent columns that make up the structure of the journal. The author also discusses the phenomenon of great interest in Czech culture in Bulgaria, explaining its reasons. Three volumes are presented in detail devoted to issues in the field of Czech culture and literature.
PL
Autorka dokonuje przeglądu wydanych dotychczas 28 numerów czasopisma naukowego „Славянски диалози”. Pismo ukazuje się od roku 2004, a jego wydawca jest Wydział Filologiczny Uniwersytetu im. Paisija Chilendarskiego w Płowdiwie. Uwaga zostaje zwrócona na bohemistyczny wątek, obecny niemal we wszystkich wydanych tomach w ramach większości stałych rubryk, tworzących szkielet konstrukcyjny czasopisma. Autorka omawia też fenomen ogromnego zainteresowania kulturą czeską w Bułgarii, wyjaśniając jego przyczyny. Szczegółowo zaprezentowane są 3 tomy poświęcone zagadnieniom z zakresu kultury i literatury czeskiej.
EN
The Selcha village, situated at the Smolian District, is inhabited by Pomaks, a specific ethnos, created itself after acceptance of Islam, most likely at the turn of XVI and XVII century. Currently, this large village once (about 2 thousands inhabitants in the mid-twentieth century) shares the fate of others, ‘ageing”and ‘moribund’ village communities in Bulgaria. Author tries to recreate a complicated history of this village, in order to analyse the reasons of gradual atheisation. The author discusses the problem of the simultaneous attachment to some traditions and giving up on other traditions on the basis of the stories of inhabitants stories, legends stored in their memories and well-retained documents. All of this become a pretext to discuss (from the sociological perspective) a change of the type of husbandry and the political decisions made during the parliament elections.
PL
The Selcha village, situated at the Smolian District, inhabited by Pomaks, a specific ethnos, created itself after acceptance of Islam, most likely at the turn of XVI and XVII century. Currently, this large village once (about 2 thousands inhabitants in the mid-twentieth century) shares the fate of others, ‘ageing”and ‘moribund’ village communities in Bulgaria. Author tries to recreate a complicated history of this village, in order to analyse the reasons of gradual atheisation. The author discusses the problem of the simultaneous attachment to some traditions and giving up on other traditions on the basis of the stories of inhabitants stories, legends stored in their memories and well-retained documents. All of this become a pretext to discuss (from the sociological perspective) a change of the type of husbandry and the political decisions made during the parliament elections.
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The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.
EN
The article considers the Bulgarian translations of Aesop’s fairy tales done in the nineteenth century. Then they occupied an important place in the textbooks for the newly emerging secular schools. As a popular reading, they also played an important role in the discussion on normalization of the Bulgarian language.
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The symbolic beginning of the Bulgarian National Rebirth dates back to 1762 when Paisii Hilendarski wrote History of the Slavobulgarian, which was the first historgraphic work in the Bulgarian literature. Among others, the work has been widely discussed from a linguistic point of view. This time, however, the author does not concentrate on its symbolic dimension in the process of development of the Bulgarian literary language but on the lexis concerning the Bulgarian rulers. The article covers an analysis of Paisii’s lexemes, expressions and phrases with the help of which the chronicler assessed the ruler and, at the same time, shaped opinions of the readers of his time.
EN
The article discusses the content of marginal notations extracted from Bulgarian manuscripts from 10th–16th century containing comments on the process of writing. The author focuses on notations that not only refer to the conditions, under which medieval codes are produced, but above all refer to the physical act of creating the text itself. The glosses discussed in the article describe specific writing materials – parchment, paper, ink and feathers. Information extracted from these marginal notations is confronted with the current knowledge on medieval writing methods.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie glosy i marginalia zamieszczane w średniowiecznych rękopisach bułgarskich z X–XVI wieku, zawierające informacje o procesie pisania. Autorka tekstu omawia nie tylko warunki, w których powstawały średniowieczne kodeksy, ale skupia swą uwagę również na fizycznym akcie tworzenia tekstów. W omówionych w artykule glosach występują takie materiały piśmiennicze jak: pergamin, papier, pióra, atramenty. Wyekscerpowany przez autorkę materiał został przez niego zestawiony ze współczesną wiedzą o średniowiecznych metodach pisania.
EN
The paper comments on the information about 18th-century Bulgaria revealed by Cossack hetman Pylyp Orlyk in his travel diary. In October 1720 Orlik set out on a journey from Stockholm to Istanbul. The purpose of his trip was to find allies and supporters to fight against Russia. Orlik’s journey began in Stockholm, because his first and most important ally was the king of Sweden, Charles XII, with whom he had already come in contact and agreed on joint plans. A large part of the hetman’s journey went through the territories of the Ottoman Empire and the lands dependent on him. This is why his travel diary contained much information about Bulgaria and the Bulgarians. Orlik described the places where he stayed for a night, reported the course of the following days, travel hardships, meetings held and even eaten meals. He wrote about the state of the church and the number of Christians in each town. His diary is therefore a source of invaluable knowledge about the Bulgarian lands in the first half of the 18th century.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia informacje o 18-wiecznej Bułgarii, zawarte w diariuszu kozackiego hetmana Filipa Orlika (ukr. Pyłyp Orłyk). W październiku 1720 roku Orlik wyruszył w podróż ze Sztokholmu do Stambułu. Celem jego podróży było znalezienie sojuszników i pomocników do walki z Rosją. Podróż Orlika zaczęła się w Sztokholmie, gdyż jego pierwszym i najważniejszym sojusznikiem został król Szwecji Karol XII, z którym już wcześniej zdążył wejść w kontakt i uzgodnić wspólne plany. Duża część podróży hetmana przebiegała przez terytoria Imperium Osmańskiego i ziemie od niego zależne, toteż w jego dzienniku podróżnym znalazło się wiele informacji na temat Bułgarii i Bułgarów. Filip Orlik opisał każde z miejsc, gdzie zatrzymał się na nocleg, relacjonując przebieg kolejnych dni, trudy podróży, odbyte spotkania, a nawet zjedzone posiłki. Spisywał uwagi na temat stanu cerkwi i liczby chrześcijan w każdym mieście. Jego dziennik jest więc źródłem nieocenionej wiedzy na temat ziem bułgarskich w I połowie XVIII wieku.
EN
This is a paper on innovations in linguistic politeness in the Bulgarian language at the turn of 21st century. The changes of forms of address referred to in the title will be analysed diachronically with a broader time and cultural background. Note that for centuries the Bulgarian language has not known forms similar to the Polish pan / pani. People would address each other with their first names, “you” or – when they needed to show respect – they would use additional determinants of age or social status of the person, but the rest of their utterances would be in the second-person singular. More “sophisticated” milieus used the forms of господин and госпожа (of Old Church Slavonic origin) perceived as outdated and excessively sophisticated – they are recorded as such in the Bulgarian dictionary published in 1976. After 1990, господин and госпожа lost their obsolete and sophisticated characteristics, became neutral and commonly used, although it was not easy to get accustomed to them. This paper describes individual stages of losing the old habits and sometimes painful getting used to the new forms. It also shows the differences between forms of address used nowadays by various circles.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy innowacji w obrębie grzeczności językowej w bułgarszczyźnie przełomu XX i XXI wieku. Tytułowe zmiany form adresatywnych rozpatrywane będą z diachronicznego punktu widzenia, na szerszym tle czasowym i kulturowym. Należy zauważyć, że przez wieki bułgarszczyzna nie znała form podobnych do polskiego pan / pani. Ludzie zwracali się do siebie po imieniu, na „ty”, bądź – kiedy zaistniała konieczność wyrażenia szacunku – używali dodatkowych określeń związanych z wiekiem lub statusem społecznym danej osoby, ale dalsza część wypowiedzi formułowana była w 2. osobie liczby pojedynczej. W bardziej „wyrafinowanych” kręgach obowiązywały formy господин i госпожа (o proweniencji cerkiewnosłowiańskiej), odbierane jako przestarzałe i nacechowane – tak są jeszcze odnotowane w słowniku języka bułgarskiego z 1976 roku. Po 1990 roku formy господин i госпожа straciły nacechowanie, stały się formami neutralnymi i powszechnie używanymi, choć przywyknięcie do nich nie było łatwe. Artykuł dotyczy różnych etapów odwykania od starych przyzwyczajeń i bolesnego czasami przywykania do nowych form. Ukazuje również różnice między formami adresatywnymi używanymi współcześnie przez różne środowiska.
EN
The so-called Brašov charter is a document that came out of the chancellery of the last Bulgarian ruler, Ivan Sracimir, at the end of the 14th century. This small text of only 7 lines is an example of a medieval international agreement based on Byzantine models. In it, the Tsar grants tax exemption to the merchants of Brasov, gives them trading freedoms and guarantees his protection. Despite its modest size, Ivan Sracimir’s charter has been the subject of heated discussions among scientists of various fields for years. The article reviews the findings so far on the date of its creation, the meaning of the content it contains, the graphics used, and most importantly the language. It is also the first time that the content of Brasov charter has been translated into Polish.
PL
Tak zwana Braszowska gramota jest dokumentem, który pod koniec XIV wieku wyszedł z kancelarii ostatniego bułgarskiego władcy, Iwana Sracimira. Ten niewielki, liczący zaledwie 7 wersów tekst jest przykładem średniowiecznej umowy międzynarodowej opartej na wzorcach bizantyjskich. Car nadaje zwalnia w nim od podatku kupców z Braszowa, nadaje im swobody handlowe i gwarantuje swoją opiekę. Mimo skromnych rozmiarów, gramota Iwana Sracimira od lat stanowi obiekt burzliwych dyskusji naukowców różnych dziedzin. Artykuł zawiera przegląd dotychczasowych ustaleń na temat daty jego powstania, znaczenia zawartych w nim treści, zastosowanej grafii, a przede wszystkim języka. Po raz pierwszy także treść Braszowskiej gramoty została przetłumaczona na język polski.
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