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1

Zamiar „z góry powzięty” w rozumieniu art. 12 k.k. – wybrane uwagi

100%

Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

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2020

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vol. 4 (30)

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issue 4

111-125

EN

The concept of the so-called “continuous offence” has been hotly debated for years, both by legal academics and in doctrinal writings. This paper addresses one of the most controversial grounds for regarding a prohibited act as a continuous offence, i.e. acting with premeditated intent. Basing a key criterion for considering an act a continuous offence on the subjective side of the offence has made it impossible to work out clear-cut criteria for establishing that an offender acted with premeditated intent, even though the concept of continuous offence has been employed for over twenty years now.

2

Kilka uwag o potrzebie zachowania spójności pomiędzy prawem karnym a innymi dziedzinami prawa

100%

Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

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2018

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vol. 2 (28)

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issue 2

27-42

PL

The principle of subsidiarity of criminal law requires the location of the norms which regulate specific social relations beyond the branch of law which was adduced. On the one hand, it enables the realisation of the postulate, peculiar to the system of repressive law, to place the rules of conduct and the norms which regulate specific relations beyond criminal law. On the one hand, the intervention with criminalisation into relations regulated by other branches of law should enforce a significant synchronisation of the regulations of criminal law with the norms which are peculiar to a given branch of law. A legal system which features co-relations should represent consistency. As a result, the criminalisation of behaviour regulated by other branches of law deepens the connotations between them. The enracinement of legal regulations into an increasing number of new areas is the source of doubts associated with the lack of consistency between the particular regulations or, in the case of a strong drive of the criminal law to inscribe itself into legal norms which regulate a given sphere of life, to the negation of the capability of the criminal law to acquire functions which are set to this branch of law. On the basis of selected examples, the article attempts to reflect upon the legislator’s maintenance of the balance between these values.

3

Raz jeszcze o odpowiedzialności za przywłaszczenie przedmiotu wchodzącego do majątku wspólnego małżonków

100%

Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

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2017

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vol. 1 (27)

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issue 1

103-118

EN

The legal assessment of misappropriation of property belonging to community property by one of the spouses constitutes a heavily contested issue in criminal law. The article analyzes a well-established opinion, according to which such property can be the object of the crime of misappropriation, and which cites the rules of the civil law. The article focuses on the issue of the possibility of assuming in such cases an attack on property, i.e. a violation of the object of the offence, discussed from the perspective of family law, which allows spouses to dispose of such property without the permission of the other spouse, on the basis of the rule of independent property management. Moreover, the author verifies the prerequisite for the seizure of third-party property, given that the property in question belongs also to the defendant, in accordance with the rules of community property. In addition to that, the author discusses the issue of meeting the prerequisites for the subjective aspect and the rule for evaluating the damage inflicted by the offence. The latter issue has been identified as particularly controversial, given that determining the scope of the possible restitution claims according to the value of property which constitutes the object of the offence in a situation where the property belongs also to the defendant is contrary to the intuition of criminal law scholars.

4

Wiktymologiczne i prawnokarne aspekty przemocy wobec osoby starszej

63%

Sitarz O., Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2019

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issue XLI/2

205-252

EN

The article shows the problem of the rights of older people being violated, from a criminological, victimological, and normative perspective. The work includes international and national regulations of various branches of law. Above all, however, the focus is on criminal law regulations. Criminological research in Poland and worldwide related to the victimisation of older people was compared with the provisions of criminal law. Such a project was carried out to answer the question of whether current criminal law is an appropriate and adequate response to physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence against the elderly, or whether it neglects and abandons them. The diagnosis of Polish legislative solutions determined by the authors does not lead to an optimistic thesis that the rights of these people are fully protected by criminal law. The particular vulnerability of older people to victimisation has not been sufficiently addressed by the legislature.

PL

Publikacja ukazuje problem naruszania praw osób starszych z perspektywy kryminologicznej, wiktymologicznej i normatywnej. W pracy uwzględniono międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje różnych gałęzi prawa. Przede wszystkim jednak skoncentrowano się na regulacjach prawnokarnych. Wyniki światowych i polskich badań kryminologicznych związanych z wiktymizacją osób starszych skonfrontowane zostały z przepisami prawa karnego. Zabieg taki miał dać odpowiedź na pytanie, czy prawo karne stanowi właściwą i adekwatną reakcję na przemoc fizyczną, psychiczną, seksualną i ekonomiczną wobec osób w podeszłym wieku oraz zaniedbywanie ich i porzucanie. Postawiona przez autorki diagnoza polskich rozwiązań legislacyjnych nie pozwala na sformułowanie optymistycznej tezy, że prawa tych osób są w pełni chronione przepisami prawa karnego. Szczególna podatność osób starszych na wiktymizację nie została bowiem wystarczająco uwzględniona przez ustawodawcę.

5

Prawo do praktyk religijnych osób osadzonych w areszcie śledczym i odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności w teorii i praktyce penitencjarnej

63%

Sitarz O., Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2017

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issue XXXIX

117-148

EN

The article discusses the right to religious observance as one possible form of exercising one’s freedom of conscience for persons in temporary detention or serving a sentence of (unconditional) imprisonment. Detention involves a range of (usually justified) restrictions and deprivations, some of which apply to the sphere of religious practices. We must not forget that freedom of conscience and religion is not only internal to a person, but also relates to his or her actions in their semi-private and public space and, as such, must be regulated, particularly in conditions of detention. Importantly, the article does not focus on the influence of religious life on the rehabilitation of inmates but on whether their right to religious freedom is respected. The aim was not to find out whether inmates needed religious practices and services in prison, but to assert that they had a right to them, while the state had a duty to respect that right.We departed from the assumption that religious practices were a matter of public or private cult and included performing certain actions dictated or forbidden by the laws of a given religious community. The question was to what extent these practices were subjected to limitation, which practices were concerned and to what extent the observed limitations were justified. The answer drew on existing legal provisions and on the subjective feelings of inmates themselves. It should be recalled that in 1991, the Polish Ombudsman determined that the right of inmates to practice Catholicism was essentially ensured and properly implemented in prisons. The only shortcoming, as judged at the time, was the lack of a sufficiently high-level normative act regulating all matters pertaining to religious practice in detention in a comprehensive way. It seemed necessary to check whether these findings were still valid. Thus the first part of the article provides an overview of the existing legal provisions defining the scope of religious practices that can be undertaken by inmates, including international regulations, the Polish constitution, acts of law and other relevant regulations. Different groups of inmates were examined, including those in temporary detention, those serving sentences and considered particularly dangerous as well as those subjected to the disciplinary measure of being placed in an isolation cell for a period of up to 28 days. We found that not all restrictions on the exercise of religious freedom in prison, as provided for under the Polish law, were justified. Our assessment of the said restrictions, both when it came to law making and application, took into account the goals and purpose of imprisonment and temporary detention in light of the constitutional criterion of proportionality. In the second part, we present the findings of a survey conducted in two penitentiary facilities among inmates declaring themselves Roman Catholic. The aim was to find out how the inmates viewed their rights when it came to religious practices, to what extent those practices were available to them and whether they felt any deficits in this area. At the general level, we found that the inmates declared significant activity in the religious area and rarely attributed obstacles to the exercise of religious rights to legal provisions or the rules in a given penitentiary facility. The unavailability of particular religious practices was also reported to be low. There were more answers indicating lack of permission to take part in Church ceremonies outside the prison (for example the funeral of a loved one). This is probably the weakest area when it comes to ensuring the exercise of inmates’ religious freedoms. Our analysis of the legal framework and the survey carried out in penitentiary facilities allowed us to formulate certain tentative conclusions (including de lege ferenda). The normative provisions do not impose many legal limitations on inmates’ access to religious practices and services. Yet respecting the right to freedom of religion is not only about not creating unnecessary barriers; it also consists in defining a minimum set of rights conferred on each inmate, on which they can call the prison authorities to account if need be.

6

Prawa osadzonych w praktyce penitencjarnej w świetle ustalonych porządków wewnętrznych jednostek penitencjarnych i ich konfrontacja z orzecznictwem ETPC

63%

Jaworska-Wieloch A., Sitarz O.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2018

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issue XL

459-494

EN

The present state of scientific knowledge suggests that individuals cannot be deprivedof fundamental human rights. Human dignity must be respected and protected,especially in the case of individuals in difficult circumstances. Prison is certainly notan easy place to be. People in custody can feel lonely, separated from their families,friends or working life. The difficult situation that they are facing can lead to loneliness,susceptibility to diseases, an increased risk of aggression and severance of family ties.People in such a situation can easily fall victim of assaults on human dignity. That iswhy the ruling elites should make every effort to ensure their rights.In those circumstances, prisoners’ rights must be guaranteed by law. In accordancewith the principle of proportionality enshrined in Article 31 section 3 of the Constitutionof the Republic of Poland, the rights and duties of persons remanded in custodyhave to be regulated by legislation, mainly by the Executive Penal Code. In addition,according to the rules laid down in Article 4 section 2 of the Executive Penal Code,imprisoned persons retain their civil rights, and any restrictions on their rights maybe justified only if they are stipulated by law and valid decisions based on statutorygrounds. However, it should not be overlooked that the final shape of the rights ofpersons remanded in custody is influenced by secondary legislation and even de cisionsof the director of a penitentiary unit or other officers. By way of example, prisoners’visiting rights have to be guaranteed by law. For example, if the relevant legislationensured that the prisoner has the right to visits by the family every month, such visitscould preferably take place at a convenient time, e.g. at weekends.The aim of this paper was to confront the legal acts with statutory and internationalregulations which impact on the situation of prisoners. This situation wascompared with the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Internalorders of penitentiary units laid down by their directors were analysed from twoperspectives. Firstly, the authors verified if the directors implemented their internalorders in pursuance of the law. The issue is that any limitation on the vested rights hasto be based on law. Secondly, it is important how selected human rights are respectedin the internal orders and whether any such limitations are justified in the light of the applicable law and ECHR jurisprudence. For example, such issues as waterand bath availability, the right to use electricity, walking conditions, right to visits byfamily and friends, telephone contacts and access to the Internet, practising faith wereexamined during the research. Penitentiary isolation impacts on the prisoners’ freedom,especially in some types of penitentiary units. Therefore, particular attention shouldbe paid to improve the detention conditions. However, it should not be forgotten thatthe deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself. There is no need to cause unnecessarysuffering, especially without legal grounds. By the same token, it is not necessary tomake the burden of isolation heavier. The authors pointed out solutions inserted intopenitentiary, accessing its relevance. Any restriction of the prisoners’ rights musthave a legitimate basis laid down by law. The financial standing of countries, prisonovercrowding and an insufficient number of officers cannot be an excuse for anygovernment. The penitentiary system should be organised in such a way as to ensurefull respect for the rights of all prisoners. T he paper also points to the lack of detailedregulations in individual units, despite the obligation for such regulations to exist. Aswell as other problems, there is also the issue of regulations which became too wideand general, contrary to the principle of legal certainty. In effect, it is difficult to enforcein practice some rights which are not expressly conferred by law.

7

Funkcjonalność i adekwatność środka karnego i obowiązku probacyjnego nakazu opuszczenia lokalu zajmowanego wspólnie z pokrzywdzonym. Czy regulacje prawnokarne odpowiadają potrzebom osób pokrzywdzonych?

63%

Jaworska-Wieloch A., Sitarz O.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2019

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issue XLI/1

297-323

EN

The aim of this publication is to compare the views of people harmed by the crime of abuse when the perpetrator is ordered to leave the premises with the current legal norms. The research is complemented by opinions from experts (people who support victims of domestic violence professionally). The considerations lead to an attempt at answering the question of whether the legal shape of the order to leave the premises meets the justified needs of the victims.

PL

Celem publikacji jest skonfrontowanie poglądów osób pokrzywdzonych przestępstwem znęcania się na temat nakazu opuszczenia lokalu przez sprawcę z obowiązującym stanem prawnym. Uzupełnieniem badań są opinie tzw. ekspertów (osób zajmujących się zawodowo wspieraniem ofiar przemocy domowej). Przeprowadzane rozważania mają doprowadzić do próby odpowiedzenia na pytanie o adekwatność kształtu prawnego nakazu opuszczenia lokalu względem usprawiedliwionych potrzeb pokrzywdzonych.

8

Gdy azyl staje się więzieniem – przeciwdziałanie przemocy domowej w warunkach kwarantanny i izolacji

51%

Bek D., Sitarz O., Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Forum Polityki Kryminalnej

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2021

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issue 1

1-31

EN

One of the basic measures to prevent the spread of many infectious diseases is to distance oneself from other people. It is therefore no coincidence that in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Polish legislator has resorted to such solutions as home isolation of patients, quarantine of people who have come into contact with the infected, and restrictions on the activities of institutions gathering many people. Similar methods were used in other countries. One of the more dramatic side effects of the ban on leaving home is the exposure of isolated people to violence in the household. The simultaneous suspension of the activity of aid institutions makes it much more difficult for the victim to obtain support. The text deals with the problem of legal and factual measures to counteract domestic violence in conditions of separation. The authorsanalyze Polish legal regulations, both those introduced for the purpose of counteracting domestic violence and those specifically, related to combating the virus. They are looking for answers to the question of what measures are effective in combating domestic violence in the extreme time of the pandemic. They recognize, however, that the experiences from this period can increase the level of protection of victims of violence at all times.

PL

Jednym z podstawowych środków przeciwdziałania rozprzestrzenianiu się wielu chorób zakaźnych jest zachowanie dystansu wobec innych osób. Nie jest więc przypadkiem, że w dobie pandemii COVID-19 polski ustawodawca sięgnął po takie rozwiązania, jak: izolacja domowa chorych, kwarantanna osób mających kontakt z zarażonymi, ograniczenia w działalności instytucji skupiających wiele osób. Po podobne metody sięgano w innych krajach. Jednym z dramatyczniejszych skutków ubocznych zakazu opuszczania mieszkania jest narażenie osób odizolowanych na przemoc ze strony domowników. Równoczesne wstrzymanie aktywności instytucji pomocowych sprawia, że ofierze dużo trudniej uzyskać wsparcie. Tekst podejmuje problem prawnych i faktycznych środków przeciwdziałania przemocy domowej w warunkach separacji. Autorki poddają analizie polskie regulacje prawne – zarówno te wprowadzone na potrzeby przeciwdziałania przemocy w rodzinie, jak i te szczególne, związane ze zwalczaniem wirusa. Poszukują odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie środki okazują się skuteczne w walce z przemocą domową w ekstremalnym czasie pandemii. Dostrzegają jednak, że doświadczenia tego okresu mogą podnieść poziom ochrony ofiar przemocy w każdym czasie.

9

Historia Katedry Prawa Karnego i Kryminologii Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

51%

Jaworska-Wieloch A., Kalitowski M.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2018

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vol. 11

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issue 1

165-193

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Zamiar „z góry powzięty” w rozumieniu art. 12 k.k. – wybrane uwagi

Kilka uwag o potrzebie zachowania spójności pomiędzy prawem karnym a innymi dziedzinami prawa

Raz jeszcze o odpowiedzialności za przywłaszczenie przedmiotu wchodzącego do majątku wspólnego małżonków

Wiktymologiczne i prawnokarne aspekty przemocy wobec osoby starszej

Prawo do praktyk religijnych osób osadzonych w areszcie śledczym i odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności w teorii i praktyce penitencjarnej

Prawa osadzonych w praktyce penitencjarnej w świetle ustalonych porządków wewnętrznych jednostek penitencjarnych i ich konfrontacja z orzecznictwem ETPC

Funkcjonalność i adekwatność środka karnego i obowiązku probacyjnego nakazu opuszczenia lokalu zajmowanego wspólnie z pokrzywdzonym. Czy regulacje prawnokarne odpowiadają potrzebom osób pokrzywdzonych?

Gdy azyl staje się więzieniem – przeciwdziałanie przemocy domowej w warunkach kwarantanny i izolacji

Historia Katedry Prawa Karnego i Kryminologii Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Śląskiego