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EN
The aim of this article is to take an attempt to analyze Turkish policy towards foreigners looking for a shelter on the territory of Republic of Turkey. Increasing importance of this issue during last few years arises first of all from ongoing civil war in Syria, as a result of which a number of Syrians in this country exceeded 700 thousands. What gives rise to particular controversies in this matter is the fact that Turkish state uses double standards in the issue of granting the refugee status. Turkey, as a one of four countries in the world, when signing the Convention and Protocol relating to the status of refugee, announced an introduction of a so-called geographical limitation. As a result, while the refugee status can be granted only to persons coming to Turkey from beyond it’s western borders, those who come from countries like Syria, Iraq or Iran are being called ‘asylum seekers’ (tur. sığınmacı). That means that they are not entitled to benefit from a conventional refugee protection system. The objective of this article is not only to present a legal and real situation of victims of the Syrian civil law but also to make an attempt to foresee moves that may be taken in this matter by the Turkish government in the future. In order to make the analysis possibly most comprehensive either English or Turkish language sources were used by the author during preparation of the text.
PL
Celem publikacji jest podjęcie próby przeanalizowania polityki, jaką Turcja prowadzi wobec obcokrajowców poszukujących schronienia na jej terytorium. O ważkości zagadnienia zadecydowała w ostatnich latach przede wszystkim tocząca się w Syrii wojna domowa, w wyniku której na terytorium Turcji znalazło się ponad 700 tysięcy Syryjczyków. Szczególne w tym kontekście kontrowersje budzi fakt stosowania przez Turcję podwójnych standardów w przedmiocie nadawania imigrantom konwencyjnego statusu uchodźcy. Państwo to, jako jedno z czterech na świecie, w momencie przystępowania do Konwencji dotyczącej statusu uchodźców i Protokołu nowojorskiego zastrzegło sobie prawo do stosowania w tej materii tzw. kryterium geograficznego. W efekcie, o ile status uchodźcy nadany być może osobom przybywającym zza zachodnich granic Turcji, o tyle uciekinierzy z państw takich, jak Syria, Iran, czy Irak z formalnego punktu widzenia są „poszukującymi schronienia” (tur. sığınmacı). To zaś oznacza brak ich konwencyjnej ochrony. Celem artykułu jest jednak nie tylko przeanalizowanie prawnego i rzeczywistego położenia, w jakim znajdują się ofiary syryjskiej wojny domowej, przybywające na terytorium Turcji, a także próba przewidzenia scenariusza rozwoju tejże sytuacji. Celem uczynienia analizy możliwie najbardziej rzetelną, odwołano się zarówno do anglo, jak i tureckojęzycznych materiałów źródłowych.
EN
The Syrian civil war is one of the most important problems which the international community is currently facing, but which remains unsolved since its beginning in March 2011. The high level of complexity of the conflict, the multiplicity of participants and difficulties in recognizing their true intentions make finding possible solutions less probable as the months go by. All this chaos results in the underestimation of the Kurdish factor, which is often, especially because of the increasing role of radical Islamic groups, belittled by some commentators and analysts. Moreover, the lack of unitary organizational structures that can be recognized as a representation of the interests of the Kurdish community living in the territory of Syria, its internal divisions, and the disability in creating the commonly accepted leadership makes regarding the Kurds as a uniform and internally coherent party in the war impossible. The aim of the paper is to present the role of various Kurdish organizations participating in the conflict and analyze the connections and divisions which make the Kurds unable to create a homogenous.
PL
Trwająca od marca 2011 roku syryjska wojna domowa pozostaje jednym z najbardziej aktualnych problemów, przed jakimi stoi społeczność międzynarodowa, która dotychczas nie zdołała wypracować skutecznego jego rozwiązania. Wysoki stopień skomplikowania konfliktu, wielość biorących w nim udział stron i trudności w określeniu rzeczywistych intencji poszczególnych jego aktorów, powodują, że znalezienie takiego rozwiązania z każdym miesiącem staje się coraz mniej prawdopodobne. Efektem tego chaosu jest niedostrzeganie przez wielu komentatorów i analityków znaczenia czynnika kurdyjskiego, który zwłaszcza wobec wzrastającej roli radykalnych organizacji islamskich bywa niedoceniany. Jednocześnie, brak jednolitych struktur reprezentujących interesy społeczności kurdyjskiej zamieszkującej terytorium Syrii, wewnętrzne w niej podziały i nieumiejętność wyłonienia szeroko akceptowanego przywództwa powodują, że nie sposób mówić o Kurdach jako jednolitej, spójnej stronie konfliktu. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie roli, jaką poszczególne ugrupowania kurdyjskie odgrywają w syryjskiej wojnie domowej, relacji, jakie je łączą i istniejących pomiędzy nimi głębokich podziałów, powodujących, że nie są oni w stanie stworzyć jednolitego frontu, dążącego do realizacji wspólnego celu.
EN
The aim of this article is the comprehensive analysis of possible benefits and disadvantages of Turkey’s European Union membership from the point of view of both of the sides of the accession process, and the attempt to predict the probable consequences of two political scenarios: accession of Turkey to the EU which is equivalent to being a full member with the same rights as remaining 27 countries, or the fiasco of Turkey’s accession process to the UE. The first part of  this article contains the analysis of economic, political and sociocultural benefits that both of the sides will gain and the balance of the costs that each side will have to bear. The analysis that is being carried out in the second part of this article is concerned with possible consequences of ‘worst and best scenario’ fulfillment. However, as it is being shown in this part of article, between two mentioned above extremes there is one more possible way of progress of events: heavily supported by the chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Angela Merkel ‘privileged partnership’ for Turkey instead of full EU membership. How it has been repeatedly said by Turkish political leaders, none form of partnership should be even considered because offers of cooperation different from full EU membership are insult to Turkey. However, taking into consideration the fact that EU is still being affected by economic and political crisis, it may have not possibility to offer Turkey anything more than remaining the ‘status quo’. Possible results of this progress of events like Turkey’s turn to the Islamic neighbouring countries and European Union’s loss of a chance of attaching great importance to global geopolitics, are also taken into consideration.
PL
The aim of this article is to provide an answer to the question whether or not Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s government consciously intends to undermine the traditional secularity. This feature is not only a foundation of the state but also a pillar of Turkey’s candidacy to EU. A research method that was used in the article is an analysis of evolution of the principle of separation of state and church in the AKP era based on several decisions made by institutions of public administration. Decisions which were objects of an analysis are inter alia acceptation for presence of Muslim women covering their heads in the public area and tightening the censorship which seems to be only a part of comprehensive political plan consequently implemented by the ruling party.
PL
The aim of this article is to examine reasons and circumstances of Turkish state’s increasing interference in freedom of mass media and to present tools that are being used in this process and its consequences. However, on the contrary to majority of this type of analysis – the subject of examination is not political censorship referring to Kurdish and Armenian cases but limitation of these contents which are not consistent with ethos of Muslim society. Method that was used in order to ensure a comprehensive presentation of this subject is legal analysis of the statements issued by Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) which is entitled to fine the broadcaster or even to demand to stop broadcasting. In the second part of the analysis there are discussed examples of TV programs like cartoons The Simpsons or Winnie the Pooh which regardless of its “indecency” became an object of interest of the RTÜK.
PL
The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of Kurdish nationalism and identity in Turkey. An emphasis will be placed on aspects such as the lack of acceptance of Kurdish nationalists for state-oriented attitudes among some Kurds, the lack of acceptance for the Turkish government’s pro-Kurdish decisions and abusing of tragic Turks and Kurds’ past by both sides of the conflict in order to win the propaganda war. The groundless conviction that “Kurdish nationalism” and “ PKK terrorism” is the same thing leads to misunderstanding that terror is the only indication of show ing Kurdish identity. The true complexity of this phenomenon will be presented in this article.
EN
The aim of this publication is to depart from traditional perspectives and research methods in international relations and to take an attempt to analyze the process of modernization of Turkey through the prism of Objects – fez, hat and hijab. The starting point for the deliberations is Bruno Latour’s Object-oriented ontology which’s essence is statement that dichotomy between these what belong to social world and those what is material is completely unfounded. The Objects are indeed the ground and support for fragile relations and processes and create a so-called nonhuman factor, which is subject of interest of posthuman perspective. The author, using Latour’s theory as a theoretical basis, analyzes the role of headgears which evolved from common daily use things into vehcile of state- and nation-building processes.
PL
The aim of this publication is to take an attempt to follow the phases of development of Syrian and Ukrainian people resistance movement and to answer the question about the role that each of them had been expected to play initially but is playing finally. The author attempts to prove that the main goal of each protest movement, which is to find institutions able to create a new, post-revolutionary order, was reached neither in Syria nor in Ukraine. Both of these movements suffered defeat and should be considered as collapsed. According to the theoretical basis of this analysis, which is the definition of a „protest movement” proposed by American sociologist R. E. Park, the essence of this phenomenon are phases which every single protest movement goes through during the formation. The author aims not only to analyze this process but also to consider reasons, circumstances and the moment when character of both Syrian and Ukrainian protest movements changed utterly and irretrievably.
EN
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the situation of Kurdish women who are serving a sentence of imprisonment or being held in detention or in one of police antiterrorist units and to portray this situation in the light of Turkey’s international legal commitments. The main thesis that authors are trying to prove is the statement that tortures and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which women experience during serving the punishment is de facto a state-sanctioned form of oppression. The first part of this article is dedicated mainly to present the background of the problem which is composed, among others of short outline of Turkey-Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan; PKK) conflict, the role of women in the PKK and the position of women in Kurdish society. The next part of this analysis is dedicated to portray the international legal commitments of Turkey which is a signatory of majority of most important from the point of view of human rights documents and declarations. The aim of the third part of this review is to present the real situation of Kurdish women who are serving a sentence of imprisonment or being held in the custody under the pretext of having connections to PKK and next, to reveal discrepancy between this situation and norms and standards resulting from Turkey’s conventional commitments which are mentioned above. The aim of carried out in the last part of this article, based on two cases that was brought in front of the European Court for Human Rights case study is to prove that the problem of using violence, especially a sexual violence, against Kurdish women in Turkish prisons and custodies by Turkish prison service officers and the impunity of them is still a real and actual problem, despite the fact that Turkey implements changes in it’s legislation that theoretically should prevent this kind of ill-treatment and abusing of power.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest kompleksowe przedstawienie sytuacji kobiet kurdyjskich osadzonych w tureckich więzieniach, bądź przetrzymywanych w aresztach i policyjnych oddziałach antyterrorystycznych w tym państwie, oraz jej przedstawienie w kontekście prawno międzynarodowych zobowiązań Turcji. Tezą, którą autorki starają się udowodnić, jest stwierdzenie, iż tortury oraz inne przejawy nieludzkiego i poniżającego traktowania, na jakie narażone są osadzone, są formą opresji de facto usankcjonowaną przez państwo tureckie. Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest przedstawieniu tła analizowanego problemu, a więc krótkiemu zarysowi konfliktu pomiędzy Republiką Turcji a Partią Pracujących Kurdystanu, roli kobiet w strukturach tej ostatniej, a także pozycji kobiety w społeczności kurdyjskiej. Kolejna część analizy to przybliżenie zobowiązań Turcji, będącej sygnatariuszem większości istotnych dla ochrony praw człowieka dokumentów i deklaracji. Trzecia część artykułu poświęcona jest rzeczywistej sytuacji osadzonych w więzieniach lub przetrzymywanych w aresztach pod pretekstem związków z PKK kobiet pochodzenia kurdyjskiego, oraz wykazaniu rozbieżności, jakie istnieją pomiędzy tą sytuacją a standardami, wynikającymi ze wspomnianych powyżej konwencyjnych zobowiązań Turcji. W końcowej części poniższej analizy, na przykładzie dwóch spraw, jakie toczyły się przeciwko Turcji przed Europejskim Trybunałem Praw Człowieka, przeprowadzone zostało studium przypadku, mające wykazać, że omawiany w tym artykule problem stosowania przemocy, w tym na tle seksualnym, przez przedstawicieli tureckich służb bezpieczeństwa i ich bezkarność, pozostaje aktualny, mimo upływu czasu i implementowania przez Turcję zmian w prawodawstwie, które teoretycznie powinny tym zjawiskom zapobiegać.
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