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EN
This article discusses ekphrases of the poet, sculptor, stage designer, and art critic Stanisław Ledóchowski, which were published in 2013 in his volume of poetry Liście od Krakowa and in several bibliophile editions of his individual works. The discussion concerns poems dealing with three forms of art: architecture, sculpture, and painting. Poetic interpretations of works of art were placed in the context of the terms studium and punctum introduced by Roland Barthes to describe the method of finding meaning in art on two levels. The studium concerns generally available cultural context, while the punctum is an often-intimate encounter of the viewer with an artistic work, which not only reveals the specific aesthetic awareness of the poet but also his individual sensitivity.
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PL
Young Poland poetry was dominated by artistic imaging, but its associations with music are also quite often mentioned. Many examples of its “musicality” can be found in various layers of poetic works, starting with their phonological aspect and versification, through the simple usage of lexical resources, descriptions of instruments and concerts and listeners’ impressions, up to attempts at finding appropriate means for transposing particular genres or specific musical works into poetry and even creating a poetic language modelled on music. The characteristic phenomenon of poetry challenging music can be observed during that period. The oeuvre of Fryderyk Chopin is especially important, as there are many sets of works concerned with Chopin’s music or the composer himself (about 150). Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer was one of the Young Poland poets to show an interest in this subject. The images created by Tetmajer’s specific artistic imagination were often defined by elements of a musical character. The best-known “musical” set of works by Tetmajer is the Preludes, considered to be his “calling-card”. Tetmajer used sounds in many different ways. Besides attempts at shaping this poetical cycle in the image of Chopin’s preludes, one should mention here the role of the music and songs of the highlanders, the repetitive distant chime of church bells, the various musical instruments, notes and tones reverberating in many poems, and the specific role of the music of nature. The works directly inspired by Fryderyk Chopin’s music (Mazurek Chopina [Chopin’s mazurka], Cień Chopina [Chopin’s shadow], Zamyślenia XVI [Thoughtfulness XVI]) are a good reflection of Tetmajer’s way of thinking and writing about the sounds of nature. They are part of the tum-of-the-century mood, since they use impressionistic, symbolic and pre-Raphaelite poetics. The poem Zamyślenia provides a sort of conclusion to Tetmajer’s poetical thinking about Chopin, and about music in general. The poet agrees here with the modernist vision of Chopin as a bard of the nation. Almost all the leitmotifs favoured by the poet and connected to his perception of music appear here: the effect of “listening” to sounds from afar, a soul filled with grief (reminiscent of the sad tones of the music), a mood encompassing the whole universe and moving deep layers of human sensitivity, specifically among Poles.
Prace Literackie
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2015
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vol. 55
141 - 150
EN
Bilingual literary oeuvre was a common phenomenon at the turn of the 20th century. French, as the language of the period, was often “the other” language used by writers and poets of various nationalities, including Polish. In the article the author discusses the phenomenon of literary bilingualism of Polish poets at the turn of the 20th century from the cultural perspective. The introductory remarks are to make the concept more specific, respond to the question about the literary value of writing in two languages and personal awareness of the significance of choosing the language of one’s oeuvre. The next part of the article deals with the bilingual poetry of Wincenty Korab Brzozowski. A son of a Pole and French Syrian, the poet was naturally bilingual and at some point this fact was also reflected in his poetry. The analysed examples demonstrate that Brzozowski was fully aware of the autonomy of the poetic word in either language.
EN
The article is devoted to an analysis of the category of light in Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer’s Tatra lyrics. The category is not unequivocally defined by the poet, nor is it combined by him with one natural source, yet in the case of the Tatra lyrics discussed in the article, it always appears in strictly defined types of images. According to the present author, the most intriguing, in terms of her perspective of interpretation, is the balancing between various ways of shaping poetic compositions by means of light. Thanks to the light transgressions referred to in the title, Tetmajer’s luminism serves varied aesthetic as well as semantic and ideological functions in creating mountain landscapes. In the article the author reconstructs how Tetmajer introduces light into his Tatra poems and points to three main types of the category: romantic-realistic (making the mountain space dramatic and theatrical), impressionistic-ornamental and symbolic (sensualist concepts of perceiving reality) as well as ideological-philosophical (context of idealistic and pessimistic philosophies).
EN
In the article the author analyses a slightly forgotten satirical novel by Ludwik Szczepański, W naszej letniej stolicy, czyli przygoda rejenta Nowakowskiego w Zakopanem (In our summer capital or the adventure of Nowakowski, a notary, in Zakopane) (1904, published under the pseudonym Wincenty Ogórek). She tackles three topics: Placement of the novel in the context of other Young Poland period works referring to the discovery of Zakopane as an ideal place for summer holidays by Poles from various parts of the partitioned country, especially by residents of Kraków or Warsaw. In the first two parts of the article the author presents an outline of the plot and then discusses the topography of Zakopane and its environs, brilliantly depicted by Żeromski. The subchapter “…this Zakopane train is especially full of nice, friendly women…” contains a detailed analysis of direct and indirect (linguistic, stylistic, personal and cultural) references to Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, whose satirical anti-portrait as the poet Przerwański, is included in the novel by Szczepański. In the last part of the article the author points to those features of Szczepański’s novel which make it possible to describe it as a “resort novel”. In addition, she refers to other titles of literary works from the Young Poland period, which fit in with the proposed literary convention. The term “resort novel” refers to Jacek Kolbuszewski’s earlier concept of “boarding house novel”. In the conclusion the author points to the possibility of reinterpreting numerous “resort novels” from the Young Poland period with the help of the latest tools used in the description and analysis of various phenomena relating to tourism understood as a subject of research in the humanities.
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