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EN
The article presents B. Leśmian as a poet involved in his self-imposed task of promoting a return to primeval nature, but, at the same time, somebody who is fully aware of the utopian character of thus formulated and adopted assumptions. The two contradictory approaches converge in a poetic figure of desire. This particular urge is treated as a model of the imagination of the poet, who creates his poetical world knowing that the ultimate aim is unattainable but constitutes the ideal of poetry and can only be a state of cognitive assurance and self-knowledge or, alternatively, a situation of ontological stability and fulfilment. However, to reach this utmost goal, either on the poetical plane or on the existentialist, epistemological and ontological plane, to fulfill the cherished desires, is not possible within the poetical world created by Leśmian. The raison d’etre of the self manifested by the protagonists of his poems as well as a justification of this poetry is the very striving towards the goal. The article shows the relevant dimensions of that desire as a metapoetical figure, anthropological and existentialist figures and epistemological and ontological figures. It further presents the opposition and the inner conflict within the modern views of the poet, who, consciously inscribes into his project its impracticability. The distance towards the current times and towards the idealistic assumptions of his own poetical programme constitutes the intrinsic originality of Leśmian’s poems.
Porównania
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2020
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vol. 27
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issue 2
289-311
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest przemianom komunikacji literackiej w Internecie. Autorka opisuje, jak zmienia się krytyka literacka i jej rola w medium wirtualnym, wskazuje na głębokie zmiany kulturowe będące efektem rozwoju form komunikacji w mediach społecznościowych. Charakteryzuje również przekształcenia literatury, którym podlega ona w Internecie. Za sprawą nowych mediów narodziły się i rozwijają nowe gatunki literackie, ale również sama literatura zmienia swój status, przybierając często charakter hybrydyczny, lokując się na pograniczu sztuki słowa i mediów audiowizualnych. Zachodzące przemiany nie stanowią przy tym zagrożenia dla literatury drukowanej, są natomiast wyrazem siły oddziaływania Internetu na komunikację literacką oraz jej uczestników. Niezbędne są rezygnacja z łatwego wartościowaniazachodzących procesów i skupienie się na ich rzetelnym opisie, analizie i interpretacji jako nowej, mało znanej części poszerzającego się pola literackiego.
EN
This article is devoted to the transformations that literary communication has undergone on the Internet. The author describes how literary criticism and its role in the digital medium has changed, indicates the deep cultural changes resulting from the development of forms of communication in social media, and characterizes how the Internet has transformed literature. New media has given rise to new literary genres; it has also altered literature itself, recasting it in a hybrid form on the border between the literature and audiovisual media. The ongoing changes do not pose a threat to printed literature, but are an expression of the strength of the Internet’s impact on literary communication and its participants. It is necessary to refrain from easy evaluations of the ongoing processes and to focus on accurately describing, analyzing and interpreting them as a new and relatively unknown part of the expanding literary field.
EN
The article concerns electronic literature and its place at the interface of traditional literature, technology and visual arts. This new genre of literature, associated with the development of digital media, shows that the boundaries of classical arts and disciplines in scientific research are blurring. This new phenomena require a new, transdisciplinary approach, combining literary and humanist competences with programming knowledge. The author presents a new literary phenomenon and indicates that literariness is a category which is more functional than literature in the case of studying e-literary. Literariness applies not only to literary works but also to other arts and phenomena in which it is the dominant feature of the work. This is exactly what happens in the case of electronic literature. It remains in the field of creativity in which the role of the word is the most important. At the same time, programming skills are required from the artist and the researcher, which do not fall within the scope of classical humanities. The author indicates that e-literary creativity is an area that opens up new perspectives for literary studies. It also sets new requirements for literary researchers.
Forum Poetyki
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2015
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issue 1
128-134
EN
The paper is a review of a book by Dorota Korwin-Piotrowska Poetyka. Przewodnik po świecie tekstów („Poetics. A Guide to the World of Texts”), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2011.
PL
Tekst jest recenzją książki Doroty Korwin-Piotrowskiej Poetyka. Przewodnik po świecie tekstów. (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2011).
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Tekstowy wszechświat Leśmiana

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EN
The article discusses Żaneta Nalewajk’s book Leśmian międzynarodowy. It presents the Leśmian’s work read in the context of the work of Poe, Ukrainian folklore, Ruthenian perennials as well as French and Russian symbolism. The author takes note of the numerous qualities of the dissertation. She is pointing at several advantages of this work; its analytical reliability and the methodological consequence. The author shows also on the important position of the publication in the research on the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian. She notices one essential lack which is an omission of important continuations of Leśmian’s poetics in Polish modern poetry.
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Poetyka i e-literatura

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Tematy i Konteksty
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 3
211-229
EN
The author attempts to outline the research prospects of e-poetics. This discipline, not much over twenty years old, deals with the study of literary texts which are created with the use of digital technologies. Intermediality and interactiveness are the characteristic features of hypertextual works available on the Internet and on digital carriers. The trait which distinguishes such texts from literature is that computers are the essential tool necessary for their creation, existence and reading. What consequences arise from such a change of the medium for literature, its structure, the process of communication with the reader and the interpretative possibilities? How is it possible to describe the relations between the old and the new forms of a literary text? Finally, why is it important to introduce research on e-literature into academic education? The author makes an attempt to provide answers to these, as well as many other questions, following the paths of the development of e-literature and the state of research on it both in Poland and abroad (mainly in the USA).
PL
Autorka podejmuje próbę zarysowania perspektyw badawczych e-poetyki. Ta, licząca sobie niewiele ponad dwadzieścia lat, dyscyplina zajmuje się badaniem tekstów literackich, które powstają przy udziale technologii cyfrowych. Hipertekstualne dzieła dostępne w sieci i na nośnikach cyfrowych charakteryzują się intermedialnością, interaktywnością, a od literatury drukowanej różni je to, że komputer jest niezbędnym narzędziem towarzyszącym ich powstaniu, istnieniu i czytaniu. Jakie konsekwencje wynikają z takiej zmiany medium dla literatury, jej struktury, procesu komunikacji z czytelnikiem oraz możliwości interpretacyjnych? Jak można opisać relacje pomiędzy starą i nową postacią tekstu literackiego? Wreszcie; dlaczego wprowadzenie badań nad literaturą elektroniczną jest ważne w edukacji akademickiej? Odpowiedzi na te i inne pytania autorka poszukuje śledząc rozwój e-literatury oraz stan badań nad nią w Polsce i na świecie (głównie w USA).
EN
The essay is devoted to Krzysztof Hoffmann book dubitatio o poezji Eugeniusza Tkaczyszyna-Dyckiego [dubitatio on poetry by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki]. The author discusses the critic’s interpretative strategies, as well as his theoretical and metatheoretical assumptions. The author demonstrates how deconstructionist philosophy influences the modes of reading of poetical languages proposed by the young critic and his critical consciousness shaped by doubt and uncertainty. This distinguishes him from modern scientific strategy (structuralism) that treats interpretation as a way to reach the truth of a work. Hoffmann writes about the difficult, rhetorically sophisticated poetry by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki, and more specifically, about its early stage before 2005. The story is built around four words: home, friendship, schizophrenia, disbelief. The most important problem, however, is the language of the poetry: its status, problematic referentiality, and difficult link to existence. The author, thus, reads dubitatio as a metaphorical discussion of theory and practice of poetry interpretation in general, and Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s poetry in particular.
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EN
The article presents the works of Aneta Kamińska as an example of the phenomenon of remediation, it is the impact of digital media on poetry and literary communication. The authoress examines the subsequent volumes of poetry and forms of Kamińska’s online activity. She points at a specifically feminine approach to new technologies. The article describes changes in the structure of the poems, as well as the status of the authoress and the nature of her communication with readers. It discusses also the stages of Aneta Kamińska’s work. These are: the traditional volume, the volume imitating hypertext which has been partly digitized and is available online as an interactive poetic hypertext. Then discusses the impact of Internet communication on her poetry. Finally presents multimedia projects, in which words are combined with video, audio and animation. In the end we may ask the question: does the generator of poetry, used by the poet, open up the interaction between man and machines?
EN
The article is a review of Krystyna Pietrych’s book Co poezji po bolu. Empatyczne przestrzenie lektury (Łodż 2009) [What good pain and suffering bring in poetry. Emphatic dimensions of reading]. Since the reviewed book presents a bold and, to a large extent, novel approach to personalistic reading - based on a subjective, compassionate experience of an encounter with uncognizable and unreductible otherness of tormented man-poet, the reviewer focuses on the issues viewed as the most important for the method of emphatic reading adopted by the author. E. Winiecka analyses aesthetical and epistemological, as well as axiological possibilities and risks that emphatic criticism opens up for reexamination. Formulates her own opinion on the analytical method used by K. Pietrych in examining poetry, which is a recording of one’s mind in agony and suffering experienced by seven authors: Aleksander Wat, Zbigniew Herbert, Miron Białszewski, Stanisłw Barańzak, Janusz Szuber, as well as Julian Przybośand Anna Swirszczyńka. Outlines the methodological perspectives of the discussed work that traces the stages in the formation of literary depiction and representation of suffering. The text is also an attempt at defining and indicating the cognitive perspectives of emphatic criticism.
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EN
This article discusses the influence of media on the experience of writing. The aim here is to show two models of participation in the culture, two models of the brain, two models of communication. First, connected with the culture of printed books, is based on the distance, reflexivity and aloneness. Second, born with new media and called „culture of participation”, is a new style of life (interactive) and thinking (logovisual). It redefines roles of the author and the reader. The shift from the one to the second is dynamic, happening here and now. The effects of it are today still unpredictable for us. Anyway literature and literary studies are changing, influenced by new digital technologies treated as extensions of man.
EN
The author of the article presents the current situation and perspectives for future development of literary scholarship relating to the changing media environment and the development of new forms of writing activity on the Internet. She looks for answers to the question of where the borders of literariness online lie and how it is defined. The author further presents the current state of literary scholarship on the subject of the transformation of literature under the influence of digital media and related problems. The author cites a concept developed by Sandy Baldwin, who in the book Internet Unconsious (2015) shows new potential areas of study relating to these phenomena, demonstrating conclusively that this new interactive medium not only poses no threat to literature, but constitutes a natural area for its expansion. This calls for readiness on the part of literary scholars to embrace new theoretical and technological solutions.
PL
Autorka artykułu prezentuje sytuację i perspektywy rozwoju literaturoznawstwa w związku ze zmieniającym się środowiskiem medialnym i rozwojem nowych aktywności piśmiennych w Internecie. Szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie o granice i definicję literackości w sieci. Prezentuje stan literaturoznawczej wiedzy na temat przemian literatury pod wpływem mediów cyfrowych oraz problemy z nimi związane. Odwołuje się do koncepcji Sandy’ego Balwina, który w książce Internet Unconscious (2015) pokazuje nowe perspektywy badania wskazanych zjawisk, dowodząc, że nowe interaktywne medium nie tylko nie zagraża literaturze, lecz stanowi dla niej naturalny teren ekspansji. Wymaga to od badaczy literatury gotowości do podejmowania nowych wyzwań teoretycznych, a także technologicznych.
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Poetics and e-literature

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EN
Following the development of e-literature and the state of research on the subject both in Poland and abroad, the author attempts to outline research perspectives for e-poetics. This discipline, barely over twenty years old, concerns the study of literary texts that are created with the use of digital technologies. Hypertextual works available online and via digital carriers are characterized by intermediality and interactivity, and they differ from printed literature in that computers are indispensable tools for their creation, existence and reception. What are the consequences of this change of medium for literature, its structure, the process of communication with the reader and the interpretative possibilities? How can one describe the relationship between the old and the new form of a literary text? Finally, why is it important to introduce research on electronic literature into academic education?
Porównania
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2018
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vol. 23
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issue 2
EN
The article presents transformations of the artist’s myths in electronic literature. The subject of research is the space of the Internet and literary phenomena developing with the use of digital tools. The authoress searches for the answer to the question whether and how the literary myths of the artist, derived from modernism, appear in the new technological and cultural as well as communication reality, and what new patterns of authorship appear in their place. The attitudes, observed over the last dozen or so years, have been described in the Polish Internet space on the example of the author and theoretician Zenon Fajfer, the cyberpoet and philosopher Roman Bromboszcz, as well as two group projects: the Hub of Rozdzielczość Chleba Publishing House (whose activity ended in October 2018) and Pixel Zdrój initiated and coordinated by Mariusz Pisarski. The sketch has the character of preliminary findings, which – also due to the nature of the online medium – must be subject to further modifications.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest prezentacji przemian mitów artysty w literaturze elektronicznej. Przedmiotem badań jest tu wyłącznie przestrzeń Internetu oraz zjawiska literackie, rozwijające się przy użyciu narzędzi cyfrowych. Autorka szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i jak funkcjonują w tej nowej technologicznej i kulturowej, a także komunikacyjnej rzeczywistości wywodzące się jeszcze z modernizmu mity literackie artysty oraz jakie nowe wzorce autorstwa pojawiają się w ich miejsce. Realizowane w przestrzeni polskiego Internetu postawy, obserwowane na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat, autorka omawia na przykładach twórcy i teoretyka literatury Zenona Fajfera, cyberpoety i filozofa Romana Bromboszcza oraz dwóch projektów grupowych: działalności Hubu Wydawniczego Rozdzielczość Chleba (zakończonej w październiku 2018 roku) oraz utworu Piksel Zdrój, zainicjowanego i koordynowanego przez Mariusza Pisarskiego. Szkic ma charakter wstępnych ustaleń, które – także ze względu na naturę medium internetowego – podlegać muszą dalszym modyfikacjom.
EN
The article describes new phenomena in the field of literature that have developed under the influence of digital technology. It points out to the conversion of the ontology of works and modification of the nature of perception that are associated with digital media. Literature created in digital technology becomes an audiovisual and multimedia experience. Its audience is given a new kind of experience based on participation. Participation is related to interactivity, which is one of the basic features of digital objects. They need action rather than contemplation to reveal. The authoress points out that, in new literary phenomena, digital medium becomes an important part of the work. It influences its structure, functions, manner of existence, and strategies for impact on the recipient. Every act of interactive reading is transformed into a performance – a oneoff and a unique event. Reading is transformed from contemplation into action engaging the reader’s physicality. Description of this modification of literary communication and the poetics of reception can be the key to understanding the essence of e-literature.
PL
The article describes new phenomena in the field of literature that have developed under the influence of digital technology. It points out to the conversion of the ontology of works and modification of the nature of perception that are associated with digital media. Literature created in digital technology becomes an audiovisual and multimedia experience. Its audience is given a new kind of experience based on participation. Participation is related to interactivity, which is one of the basic features of digital objects. They need action rather than contemplation to reveal. The authoress points out that, in new literary phenomena, digital medium becomes an important part of the work. It influences its structure, functions, manner of existence, and strategies for impact on the recipient. Every act of interactive reading is transformed into a performance – a oneoff and a unique event. Reading is transformed from contemplation into action engaging the reader’s physicality. Description of this modification of literary communication and the poetics of reception can be the key to understanding the essence of e-literature.
EN
The author discusses the changes in the model of democracy that have occurred since the Internet began. The hierarchical model of representative democracy is replaced on the Web by participatory democracy. On the example of Siksa and Bread Resolution (Rozdzielczość Chleba), the author shows up the transformations of the model of literary communication on the Internet. She also indicates ethic role engaged art takes in the contemporary society. Artists that produce socially engaged art do it in the name of those who do not exist in public space, those whose voice is not heard and who cannot defend themselves. Nevertheless, the author comes to the conclusion that the real democratic revolution can only take place outside the Web.
EN
The article presents the perspective of modern education in Polish philology studies. The author discusses selected challenges of contemporary Polish philology academic education. As the example, the author characterizes the educational program of two specializations: Media Communication and Digital Media and Culture, implemented in the Institute of Polish Philology, Adam Mickiewicz University. She points also to the need to broaden the professional competence of students of Polish philology. These could be skills in other disciplines of the humanities and new technologies. In this way both specializations refers to the idea of digital humanities (DH) which is a scholarly activity at the intersection of computer technology and the disciplines of the humanities.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje perspektywy kształcenia współczesnych polonistów. Autorka na przykładzie programu dwóch specjalizacji: komunikacji medialnej i kultury mediów cyfrowych, realizowanych w Instytucie Filologii Polskiej UAM, omawia wybrane wyzwania współczesnej polonistycznej edukacji akademickiej. Wskazuje na potrzebę poszerzenia kompetencji zawodowych studentów filologii polskiej o umiejętności z zakresu innych dyscyplin humanistycznych i nowych technologii. Odwołuje się w ten sposób do idei humanistyki cyfrowej.
EN
The article focuses on the problem of undecidability - the main feature of literature according to Derrida. Numerous examples of undecidability shows that it is not deconstruction which has found this kind of reading. For structuralists undecidability was a feature of poetry. Derrida broadens this onto all literary texts. Cancelling oposition between 'inside' and 'outside' he liquidates all natural for work contests: historical, sociological etc., and reduces literary text to the endless re-interpretation. It makes literary sigificants insignificant for culture and human being. Exploration of the margins of the literary texts thwarts hierarchy of importancy and opens the door for different kinds of abuses. This is why the author argues with Derrida's thesis and guards traditional role of the autor, reader and literature.
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EN
The paper is a critical discussion of Jerzy Madejski’s book Poetologie postrukturalne. Szkice krytyczne. The author reconstructs the cognitive assumptions adopted by Madejski, who by reviewing academic works simultaneously diagnoses the state and opportunities for the future development of the discipline. The “after-structuralism” formula allows him to highlight the rank and influence of structuralism on the way of conducting academic considerations in Poland. The variety of poetological visions included in the books discussed by Madejski is supposed to be the evidence of the critical insufficiency ofa the “after-structuralism” category in reference to structuralism. The author confronts this way of thinking with the thesis which is characteristic for post-structuralism, i.e. that literary studies have little scientificity. The author reads the critical essays included in the volume as a coherent proposal for a method for academic critique, based on the conviction that it is possible for the discipline to be autonomous, as well as a practical realization of this idea.
PL
Artykuł jest krytycznym omówieniem książki Jerzego Madejskiego Poetologie postrukturalne. Szkice krytyczne. Autorka rekonstruuje poznawcze założenia przyjęte przez badacza, który recenzując naukowe dzieła, równolegle diagnozuje stan i perspektywy rozwoju dyscypliny. Formuła „postrukturalizmu” pozwala Madejskiemu wyeksponować rangę i wpływ strukturalizmu na sposób uprawiania naukowej refleksji w Polsce. O niewystarczalności krytycznej wobec strukturalizmu kategorii „poststrukturalizm” świadczyć ma różnorodność poetologicznych wizji zawartych w omawianych przez niego książkach. Autorka konfrontuje ten sposób myślenia z charakterystyczną dla poststrukturalizmu tezą o słabej naukowości literaturoznawstwa. Czyta zgromadzone w tomie szkice krytyczne jako spójną propozycję metody akademickiej krytyki, opierającej się na przekonaniu o możliwej autonomii dyscypliny oraz jako praktyczną realizację tej idei.
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Mikropoetyka i jej konteksty

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EN
The article attempts to place micropoetics on the map of contemporary cultural phenomena and within the context of other areas of scholarship. The author treats micropoetics as a subjective quasi-method in scholarly literary studies, oriented toward detailed, in-depth analysis. She shows the traits that connect it with traditional philological scholarship, as well as what constitutes its innovative element: an individualized reading strategy, adapted to the object of analysis, an individualized approach to the work, and the self-consciousness of the scholar-micrologist, who takes a distanced view of his own judgments and is conscious of their situational nature. The main distinguishing feature of micrology becomes, in her reading, its attentiveness, discussed here as a historically legitimate category.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą umiejscowienia mikropoetyki na mapie współczesnych zjawisk kulturowych oraz w kontekście innych dziedzin nauki. Autorka traktuje mikropoetykę jako subiektywną, nastawioną na szczegółową analizę detalu quasi-metodę literaturoznawczych badań. Wskazuje na cechy łączące ją z tradycyjnymi badaniami filologicznymi, a także na to, co stanowi jej novum: jednorazowość strategii lekturowej, dostosowywanej do przedmiotu analizy, zindywidualizowane podejście do dzieła oraz samoświadomość badacza mikrologa, zdystansowanego wobec własnych sądów i świadomego ich sytuacyjności. Głównym wyznacznikiem mikrologii staje się w tym ujęciu uważność, omawiana tu również jako kategoria umocowana historycznie.
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