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EN
The present study examines in contrastive terms issues concerning alcohol consumption raised in collections of proverbs in two languages (Polish and Spanish in the Iberian Peninsula variety and the Mexican variant). These include the pleasure of alcohol drinking, the approval or disapproval of alcohol consumption, attitudes towards abstinence and non-drinkers, and the effects of its intake. The corpus underpinning the research consists of more than 2,900 proverbs related to food and drink, and the analytical part uses the methodology of contrastive work in the fields of paremiology and phraseology. The aim of the work is to explore the culturally rooted and culturally motivated judgements and beliefs reflected in proverbs, as well as to encourage general reflection on the values conveyed in proverbs. The conclusions of the analysis allow us to see a number of similarities between languages and cultures, but also reveal important differences in attitudes towards alcohol consumption and, in addition, the perspective from which they were created.
PL
W artykule w ujęciu kontrastywnym przeanalizowano kwestie dotyczące spożycia alkoholu poruszane w zbiorach przysłów w dwóch językach (polskim i hiszpańskim w odmianie z Półwyspu Iberyjskiego i wariancie meksykańskim). Obejmują one m.in. przyjemność płynącą z picia alkoholu, aprobatę lub dezaprobatę wobec jego spożycia, stosunek do abstynencji i ludzi niepijących, a także skutki konsumpcji. Korpus stanowiący podstawę badań składa się z ponad 2 900 przysłów z zakresu jedzenia i picia, a część analityczna wykorzystuje metodologię prac kontrastywnych w dziedzinach paremiologii i frazeologii. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie zakorzenionych w kulturze i kulturowo motywowanych sądów i przekonań odzwierciedlonych w przysłowiach, a także zachęcenie do ogólnej refleksji nad wartościami przekazywanymi w paremiach. Wnioski płynące z analizy pozwalają dostrzec szereg podobieństw między językami i kulturami, ale ukazują również istotne różnice w podejściu do konsumpcji alkoholu, a dodatkowo także perspektywę, z jakiej były tworzone.
EN
The aim of this article is to provide the comparison between the visions of Spanish Civil War, which took place between 1936 and 1939, in the cinematography at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. In the first instance, it shows a brief historical introduction to the topic of this military conflict. Then, it critically reflects upon the attitude of the directors of the eight chosen titles (which were created between 1990 and 2019) towards the phenomenon of the civil war in Spain as well as analyses some aspects and circumstances of these pictures highlighted by their creators. Furthermore, the paper also reflects upon the transnational character of these productions as well as the transnational features of the conflict itself. Towards the end of the article, there is a summary of the directors’ visions of Spanish Civil War in the cinematography of the chosen period.
EN
This article is devoted to the issue of regulatory function of leashold in the creation of living in Wrocław. In order to grasp the nature of the issue the work firstly outlines the processes which led to an increase in its relevance, the processes connected with transformation and decentralization. Subsequently, the article points to the actors, whose decisions and actions affect the conditions for the functioning of the urban system and the main source of conflict in the city. The next part of the article describes the impact of the leashold as a subject to a mechanism of creation the ground for the city and the reference to the conditions of Wrocław. Afterwards the suburbia issues and the urban sprawi are described in the context of the subject of this article. The last part of the article quotes forecasts on the population fluctuations in Wrocław and their impact on futurę demand for residential space.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu funkcji regulacyjnej renty gruntowej w kreowaniu przestrzeni mieszkalnej we Wrocławiu. W celu adekwatnego uchwycenia charakteru renty gruntowej przedstawia się w pierwszej części pracy procesy, które doprowadziły do wzrostu jej istotności, procesy związane z transformacją i decentralizacją. Następnie wskazuje się na podmioty, których decyzje i działania wpływają w warunkach gry rynkowej na funkcjonowanie systemu miejskiego oraz stwarzają główne źródła konfliktów w przestrzeni miejskiej. W kolejnej części artykułu opisano mechanizm wpływu renty gruntowej na kreowanie przestrzeni miejskiej, a wnioski odniesiono do warunków Wrocławia. W dalszej kolejności przechodzi się do zagadnienia suburbanizacji i urban sprawl w kontekście tematu artykułu, a w jego ostatniej części przedstawia się prognozę fluktuacji populacji Wrocławia, która się wiąże z przyszłym popytem na przestrzeń mieszkalną.
EN
Introduction: Studies based on the ISAAC questionnaire suggest a correlation between the use of antibiotics and the prevalence of asthma and allergy in children aged 6-7 years. The number of courses of antibiotic therapy is an important factor. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the use of antibiotics during the fi rst years of life and the prevalence of allergy and asthma among children (aged 6-8 years) in the urban population of Poland. Materials and Methods: A survey-based study with a self-completed questionnaire. The respondents were parents of children aged 6-8 years living in Warszawa, Poland. 1461 completed questionnaires were collected. Results: Asthma was declared in 4.3% of the children. Wheezing and/or sibilant rhonchi within 12 months before the study was observed in 13.5% of the cases. Asthma medication was taken by 21.8% of the children. Allergic rhinitis was declared in 18.7% of the children. Problems with sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion not associated with cold or fever were observed in 40.7% of the children. The a nalysis of the odds ratios between the use of antibiotics and the symptoms of allergic diseases revealed a clear correlation. The highest odds ratio was observed between the completion of over three courses of antibiotic therapy prior to the age of 12 months and the declaration of one of the following: asthma (OR = 5.59, 95% CI: 2.6-12.01), wheezing and/or sibilant rhonchi (OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 3.01-7.27) and taking medicines for breathlessness (OR = 5.12, 95% CI: 3.42-7.68). Conclusions: There is a direct relationship between antibiotic use in the fi rst 3 years of life and asthma and allergy symptoms in children aged 6-8 years old.
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