Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 8

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
PL
The article is devoted to the sports and military activities of the Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka in years 1892–1939 (1948). The statutory activity of the organizationwas conducting gymnastics exercises for its members and pupils of local schools.  In „Sokół” many other sports disciplines were present, including cycling, soccer, or tennis. Before World War I the Permanent Sokół Teams – military troops – were formed in the organization. In 1914 members of the Permanent Sokół Teams were included in the Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski and took part in front battles. The Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka was also the initiator of local scouting and subsequently the Association took care of scouting. After World War II, the organization resumed its activity for a short time. In 1948 the communistauthorities forbade the Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka conducting its activity and the same year the organization was finally abolished. It should be emphasized thatduring the years of its existence „Sokół” in Wieliczka played a leading role in sports and independence activity in the city.
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of total modernisation of the Russian armed forces undertaken by Tsar Peter the Great in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. A large, well organised and well-equipped army, based on the latest war technology of Western Europe, made a tool enabling to realise goals of the imperial policy of Russia. Military successes in the Great Northern War 1700–21, combined with diplomatic actions, made it possible for Peter I to secure for its state – from 1721 officially called the Russian Empire – a position of superpower in the Old Continent.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest tematyce związanej z całkowitą modernizacją rosyjskich sił zbrojnych, podjętą przez cara Piotra I w pierwszej ćwierci XVIII w. Liczna, dobrze zorganizowana i zaopatrzona armia, opierająca się na najnowszych osiągnięciach ówczesnej techniki wojennej państw Europy Zachodniej, stanowiła narzędzie do realizacji wyznaczników imperialnej polityki Rosji. Sukcesy militarne odniesione w trakcie wojny północnej 1700–1721, połączone z prowadzonymi równocześnie działaniami dyplomatycznymi, pozwoliły Piotrowi I zagwarantować swemu państwu – od 1721 r. noszącemu oficjalną nazwę Imperium Rosyjskie – mocarstwową pozycję na Starym Kontynencie.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2019
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
139-166
EN
The article is devoted to the life and public activities of Alexsander Menshikov. This man, which came from social lowlands, thanks to friendship with Tsar Peter the Great achieved highest positions in the state administration, the Russian Army and also navy. Alexsander Menshikov belonged also to the richest people in Russia (just after the Tsar) – he owned huge estates and numerous production companies. After Peter the Great’s death, without a result, he tried to capture the leadership of all state affairs. In 1727 he was arrested and sentenced, together with his family, to exile to Berezovo in Siberia, where he died two years later. All the assets he collected – money, jewels, palaces and manufactories – were taken over for the benefit of the state.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony życiu i działalności publicznej Aleksandra Mienszykowa. Człowiek ten, pochodzący z nizin społecznych, dzię­ki przyjaźni z carem Piotrem I zdołał osiągnąć najwyższe stanowiska w administracji państwowej oraz najwyższe rangi dowódcze w rosyj­skiej armii i flocie wojennej. Aleksander Mienszykow należał rów­nież do najbogatszych, tuż po carze, ludzi w Rosji – posiadał ogrom­ne majątki ziemskie i liczne zakłady produkcyjne. Po śmierci Piotra I w 1725 r., bez rezultatu, próbował uchwycić w swoje ręce kierownictwo wszystkich spraw państwowych. W 1727 r. został aresztowany i skaza­ny wraz z rodziną na zesłanie do Bieriozowa na Syberii, gdzie zmarł dwa lata później. Cały zgromadzony przez niego majątek – pienią­dze, klejnoty, pałace i manufaktury – został przejęty na rzecz państwa.
PL
The article analyses the military themes present in Russian paintings of the 19th century. The battle paintings under discussion underlined the heroism of the tsarist soldiers who participated in the multiple campaigns that Russia fought on land and at sea. They also glorified the governing elites for expanding the territory of the state. At the same time, the most important message conveyed through the canvases, which were commissioned most often by Russia’s rulers, was the might of the Russian Empire.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest tematyce militarnej przedstawionej na obrazach malarzy rosyjskich żyjących w XVIII – na początku XX w. Batalistyczne dzieła artystów podkreślały bohaterstwo carskich żołnierzy biorących udział w licznych zmaganiach wojennych prowadzonych w owym czasie przez Rosję na lądzie i morzach, a także sławiły samych panujących rozszerzających granice państwa. Jednakże zasadnicze przesłanie płócien, zamawianych najczęściej przez władców rosyjskich, posiadało wymiar na wskroś propagandowy, gdyż miało w pełni ukazać potęgę Imperium Rosyjskiego. The article focuses on the military themes presented in the paintings of Russian artists living in the period from the 18th until the early 20th century. Battle scenes painted by the artists highlighted the heroism of the Tsar’s soldiers participating in numerous wars and conflicts pursued by Russia at that time both on land and at sea; these paintings also celebrated the rulers, who expanded the borders of their country. However, the key message of these paintings, which were ordered most frequently by Russian rulers, focused on the aspect of propaganda, because these works were supposed to demonstrate in full the power of the Russian Empire.
PL
In August 1914 the First World War began. Austro-Hungarian troops, reinforced by the German units, joined the military operations against Russia. In the autumn of this year, the Russian Army launched the offensive aimed at Krakow, which was at that time the mighty fortied stronghold. Before the Russians arrived in Krakow, they occupied Bochnia and Wieliczka for a short time. The mining towns were extremely important in regard of economy. The threeweeks stay of the Russian soldiers in Bochnia went by under the mark of plunders, murders and rapes. The Russian command also proceeded to start up the Bochnia salt mine. The situation was similar in Wieliczka, but there they were not able to start the salt production. In December 1914 the Russian units were forced out from Krakow and displaced from Wieliczka and Bochnia. However short, the Russian’s presence was managed to be permanently engraved on the memory of the inhabitants of both cities.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.