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Jedno miasto, dwa różne światy. Społeczno-przestrzenne zróżnicowanie umieralności niemowląt w Szczecinie w latach 1876–1913 (część II)

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2010
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vol. 75
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issue 2
103-150
EN
The article touches upon issues connected with infant mortality in Szczecin in the years of 1876–1913, analyzing the phenomenon with the emphasis on the social-spatial diversification. The choice of the research topic was determined by two factors. Firstly, at the beginning of the 20th century in Szczecin infant mortality was exceptionally high in comparison with other big German and European towns; secondly, the phenomenon gave rise to one of the first surveys concerning infant mortality, financed by the city in 1902. Apart from the latter – published in the magistrate records – (Bericht über die Verwaltung über der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Stettin), the source material for the article is the monumental Statistics of Prussia (Preußische Statistik) and The Statistical Yearbook of the City of Szczecin (Statistischer Jahresbericht der Stadt Stettin). Archival materials kept in the State Archive in Szczecin have a complementary significance. They include the correspondence of the royal district doctors (kgl. Kreisärzte) conducted with the authorities of the Szczecin Province (Regierung Stettin). In order to limit the influence of the destiny factor, the method of aggregation of data was used. In the analysis of the population processes commonly used demographic rates and graphic representations were employed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to show spatial differences in the shaping of different phenomena. The method of standard deviation was chosen. The basis for the description of the issues constituted a simple model of causes of infant mortality by Jörgen Vögele, with emphasis on the analysis of deaths due to disorders in the digestive system, treating their level as the marker of the influence of exogeneous environmental factors. The research showed a negative influence of the growing influx of people to the city on infant mortality. It was particularly visible at the end of the 19th century, when the development of industry in the city and nearby towns reached its peak. In that period post-natal mortality was the highest in comparison with infant mortality. It shows the role of environmental factors in the high rate of deaths of children who were under 1 year old. In the group of the aforementioned factors, the most prominent turned out to be insufficient breast-feeding. The 1902 survey demonstrated that among the youngest children who died of digestive disorders (51,5% of the total of deaths), only 0,3% were children who had been constantly breast-fed. In the group of children who died of digestive disorders the number of children of better-off parents was lower. The situation made the municipal authorities take prevention measures, including the promotion of breast-feeding among poorer population strata where infant mortality was much higher than in families of better-off parents. It is confirmed indirectly by the social-professional statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years of 1902–1913 ( the rate of deaths of children of unqualified agricultural workers was set against the rate of deaths of children of freelancers and officers – the difference amounted to 270%) and the spatial statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years 1911–1913 ( the rate of infant deaths in bourgeois districts was set against the one in workers’ areas – the difference was 130%). A clear negative correlation between the average number of rooms and infant mortality in the statistics districts of Szczecin (–0,808; p<0,001) allows the author to consider the economic factor very important in the creation of the phenomenon. However, bad housing was connected with infant deaths from digestive disorders only in half of the cases (1902), which indicates “bad habits” of parents, which are statistically more di cult to grasp. At the beginning of the 20th century together with the fall in the number of births, the increase in general wealth and the introduction of care over newborn babies, including the obligatory control of non-marital children (1910), infant mortality started to fall. However, it still remained high in comparison with other German cities. Moreover, social differences in relation to the phenomenon did not disappear, but they became stronger. It has not been explained yet why Szczecin was the leader in the disgraceful statistics.
2
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Działalność naukowa profesora Edwarda Włodarczyka w świetle publikacji autorskich (1973–2020). Kontekst ilościowy

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 1
107-132
EN
The aim of this article is to present the scholarly activities of Professor Edward Włodarczyk (1946–2021), a renowned expert in Pomeranian history and culture, historian of the economic history and maritime policy of Prussia, on the example of 159 selected academic publications. They have been subjected to analysis by the use of selected methods of descriptive statistics and social network analysis (SNA). The attributes of bibliographic items have been examined and the links between them visualized with the use of Gephi software. The results of the research have been used to briefly present the scholarly profile of E. Włodarczyk; they also serve the organisational purpose. A catalogue of key words (phrases) has been compiled, and the characteristic features of publications, complete with their numerical development over time, publication strategies, and main and side research directions have been established. The research shows that the scholarly and publishing activity of E. Włodarczyk was subject to certain changes over time. The most intense scholarly activity occurred in the 1990s, which was accompanied by a change in the manner of publishing. The professor’s scholarly activities centred on Szczecin, Western Pomerania and the Baltic provinces of Prussia. For this reason, E. Włodarczyk preferred particular journals, and also cared about communicating research findings in German and English (17.6%). The majority of his papers concerned the economic development of sectors and branches of the economy and were related to the second half of the 19th century (until 1918), yet over time they lost in quantitative terms and importance in favour of the papers that dealt with maritime policy, regionalism, urban history, and other issues.
3
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Niemiecki dyskurs polityczny wokół „powrotu do natury” w kontekście umieralności niemowląt (początek XX wieku)

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 4
125-140
EN
The article presents politicians’ views – often referring to scientific findings – on the reason of a relatively high infant mortality rate in Germany just before the First World War; it also outlines the remedies for that phenomenon. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of the published stenographic records of the meetings at the Reichstag building. The narrative is based on an objective comparative method, according to which a direct assessment of facts, events and processes is forbidden. The juxtaposed contents highlight a strong polarisation of political views, on the one hand represented by social democrats, and on the other by the rest of the members of Parliament and people connected with the Government, which allows insight into the theoretical and practical premises of the actions undertaken.
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Optanci polscy w rejencji szczecińskiej w świetle informacji Generalnego Konsulatu RP w Berlinie z przełomu lat 1921 i 1922

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2014
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vol. 34
89 - 101
EN
The article is an analysis of the group of individuals who chose, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Polish citizenship in the Government District of Szczecin. The analysis is based on aggregated individual data obtained from archive material, i.e. the list of optants, and grouped into specific categories and variants. A total of 340 persons intended to leave the territory of the Government District of Szczecin. They included children and spouses, who were also allowed the right to choose. The applicants made up 34.7% of the total number of the potential migrants. The majority of optants wanted to emigrate with their families (a considerable number of children), with fewer people intending to emigrate alone. Except for the urbanised Szczecin (17.9%), the vast majority of the potential migrants lived in rural areas. Workers, farmers and people who did not provide information about their occupation constituted the largest number of the applicants. The outflow of Polish optants from the Government District of Szczecin did not take place on a large scale. Most of them were of low social and occupational status, and usually worked on estate farms, where they had come even before the outbreak of World War I, providing cheap labour for the Junkers.
5

Jedno miasto, dwa (różne) światy. Społeczno-przestrzenne zróżnicowanie umieralności niemowląt w Szczecinie w latach 1876–1913

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 75
|
issue 1
65-96
6
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O programowaniu w środowisku R na przykładzie algorytmu obliczeniowego dla formuły do wykrywania kryzysów demograficznych

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 4
141-178
EN
The article presents Jacques Dupâquier’s method to detect demographic crises on the basis of the temporal distribution of deaths in its classical and modified form, popular in historical demography. The presentation of the method based on the standardised data is a pretext for studying the programming in R (language), which is a continuation of the previous article. The element that has been highlighted is the for-loop, presented step by step. An extensive introduction is supposed to familiarise the reader with the three programming codes of the functions that compute indicators of crisis for particular years: kryzysyDem1 (the classical form of the formula), kryzysyDem2 and kryzysyDem3, a modified form that takes into consideration three temporal perspectives of the development of the phenomenon, i.e. the past, present and future ones; the final results, which satisfy the determined limit criteria, are the average value of the results obtained for the three perspectives. The presented codes of the variants of Jacques Dupâquier’s formula should – to a significant extent – facilitate the computation of indicators of demographic crises including various limit criteria.
7
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Zróżnicowanie kierunków odpływu ludności z rolnictwa na Pomorzu Zachodnim w latach 1928–1929

100%
Chojecki D. K.
|
EN
The article presents the diversity of directions of emigration from agriculture in Western Pomerania in the late 1920s. The source basis was a unique survey conducted by the West Pomeranian Chamber of Agriculture. It provided information on approximately 16 000 people participating in the escape from the countryside (Landflucht). The results of these studies have become of interest to the International Labor Office in Geneva and the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome. With the help of the Wrocław and cartographic taxonomy method, the author of the article set himself the goal of verifying the findings of Werner Jacobi. He considered the studied phenomenon at the level of land counties (Landkreise). He presented the factors shaping the clusters and spatial nature of the structures of directions of emigration, also indicating the similarities and differences in the development of the phenomenon within the regions of the Pomeranian province (Jacobi’s research unit in the whole region).
8
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Ewolucja pruskich spisów ludności w latach 1840-1910: metodyka, zakres, znaczenie i problemy

100%
Chojecki D. K.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 5
43-90
EN
The censuses carried out by the Royal Prussian Statistical Office in Berlin are of particular importance for the historical research of the 19th century population in Prussia, including the lands largely inhabited by people who spoke Polish or Kashubian. Nevertheless, these censuses were not discussed in greater detail. Attention was mainly focused on the reliability of the censuses organised until 1840, and subsequently on matters related to the statistics of the mother tongue. The aim of the article is to show the evolution of the method of census taking, data processing, features implementation and the presentation of the results in the years 1840–1910, with particular emphasis placed on the census of 1871 and its reception among the society, mainly on the Polish lands under German rule. The research is largely based on the monumental Preussische Statistik (Statistics of Prussia), which contains the census documentation and comments provided by provincial authorities. Moreover, normative sources and older studies were used in the study. The article proves that censuses in general evolved until 1871, and then only the studied content featured changes which were discussed and assessed. A revolution in data management was brought by the use of A cards in 1871, which made it easier to perform complex statistical groupings for selected demographic characteristics. The implementation of new solutions was accompanied by the introduction of the principle of self-enumeration. It encountered obstacles, however, especially in the eastern provinces of Prussia, which is primarily associated with the level of education and the knowledge of the German language among the population, mainly its Polish-speaking members. The results presented in the article should prove useful to historical demographers, and social and economic historians.
PL
W badaniach historycznych nad ludnością w XIX w. w Prusach, w tym na ziemiach licznie zamieszkanych przez ludność posługującą się językiem polskim i kaszubskim, istotne znaczenie mają spisy ludności przeprowadzane przez Królewskopruskie Biuro Statystyczne w Berlinie, które mimo to nie doczekały się szerszego omówienia. Uwagę skupiano na rzetelności spisów organizowanych przed 1840 r., a następnie na sprawach związanych ze statystyką języka ojczystego. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie zmian w sposobie przeprowadzania spisów, opracowywania danych, implementacji cech i prezentacji wyników w latach 1840–1910, ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na spis z 1871 r. i jego odbiór społeczny, głównie na ziemiach polskich pod panowaniem niemieckim. Badanie w dużej mierze opiera się na monumentalnej Preussische Statistik (Statystyka Prus), w której zawarto dokumentację spisową oraz uwagi nadsyłane przez władze prowincjonalne. Ponadto wykorzystano źródła normatywne i dawne opracowania. W artykule dowiedziono, że zasadniczo spisy ludności podlegały ewolucji do 1871 r., a następnie już tylko zmianom w zakresie badanych treści, które omówiono i poddano ocenie. Rewolucją w zarządzaniu danymi było zastosowanie w 1871 r. kart A, które ułatwiły wykonywanie złożonych grupowań statystycznych dla wybranych cech demograficznych. Wdrożeniu nowych rozwiązań towarzyszyło wprowadzenie zasady samospisywania się. Natrafiało ono na przeszkody, szczególnie we wschodnich prowincjach Prus, co przede wszystkim należy łączyć z poziomem wykształcenia i brakiem znajomości języka niemieckiego, głównie ludności polskojęzycznej. Prezentowane wyniki badania powinny być przydatne dla demografów historycznych oraz historyków społecznych i gospodarczych.
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Słowo od redakcji

75%
Chojecki D. K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2017
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vol. 39
9-9
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