Artykuły tworzące przekazywany Czytelnikom numer „Psychologii Rozwojowej”, zatytułowanyOsobowość i rozwój we współczesnym świecie, podzielone zostały na cztery części:1. Indywidualne i społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania rozwoju osobowości we współczesnymświecie.2. Osobowość a kompetencje podmiotu.3. Osobowość a poczucie zagrożenia, przemoc i choroba.4. Osobowość i system wartości we współczesnym świecie.
Personality of men and women. Temporal trends and cultural differencesThe article discusses similarities and differences in the personality development of men and women in their life-span. The analyses of the developmental psychology research show that boys and girls develop their own personality from the early years of their life, thus adapting themselves to the stereotypes connected with gender.The article also contains a survey of meta-analyses concerning the personality features of men and women, conducted in different countries from 1958 to 2001. The meta-analyses show a coherent image of gender differences in personality features concerning greater tender-mindedness and greater assertiveness in men. At the same time, they indicate temporal changes and trends connected with tendency for differences to disappear. They also emphasise cultural distinctness.
The article attempts to describe adonization, a specific tactic for exerting influence which employs physical attraction, as well as its determinants. The article presents a proprietary model of determinants and motivational mechanisms which constitute the basis of the attitude toward adonization. A cycle of 3 studies on individual determinants for the attitude toward adonization was described. Results of study 1 (50 women and 50 men) confirmed that male gender, psychological masculinity, narcissism, Machiavellianism and high self-monitoring were correlates of a positive attitude toward adonization. Study 2 (36 women and 36 men) showed that extraversion was the predictor of a positive attitude toward adonization of men and women and that agreeableness was the predictor of a less positive attitude of women. In Study 3 (91 women and 88 men aged 18–63) it was established that there were no differences in the attitude toward adonization in young and middle-aged men. Comparison among young and middle-aged women proved that younger women had a more positive attitude toward adonization in the cognitive and in the affective components than older women.
The article discusses similarities and differences in the personality development of men and women in their life-span. The analyses of the developmental psychology research show that boys and girls develop their own personality from the early years of their life, thus adapting themselves to the gender stereotypes. The article also contains a survey of meta-analyses concerning the personality traits of men and women, conducted in different countries from 1958 to 2001 (Maccoby, Jacklin, 1974, Hall, 1984, Feingold, 1994, Costa, Terraciano, McCrae, 2001). The metaanalyses show a coherent image of gender differences in personality traits concerning greater tender-mindedness in women and greater assertiveness in men. At the same time, they indicate temporal changes and trends connected with a tendency for differences to disappear. They also emphasize cultural distinctness.
The article presents a survey of empirical studies and meta-analyses on the similarities and differences in the emotionality of women and men. Women’s and men’s emotions are analyzed in terms of their experiencing and expression. Special attention is paid to emotions connected with caring and aggression. Differences and similarities are presented in different age groups.
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