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HOW NON-EXPERTS FAIL WHERE EXPERTS DO NOT: IMPLICATIONS OF EXPERTISE FOR RESISTANCE TO COGNITIVE RIGIDITY

100%
Necka E., Kubik T.
Studia Psychologica
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2012
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vol. 54
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issue 1
3 – 14
EN
Experts’ resistance to cognitive rigidity is discussed with reference to two aspects of the phenomenon of mental inflexibility: inter-domain rigidity and intra-domain rigidity. Although there are reasons to expect increased rigidity of experts outside the domain of their expertise, we hypothesized that they would be less prone to mental set within their domain of specialization. In two experiments (N = 72, N = 82), Experts, Intermediates and Novices solved tasks fostering mental set. Their goal was to solve a series of tasks of the same kind and then work on a task that was similar to the previous ones at the superficial level, while being substantially changed at the deep level of analysis. As a result, the effect of mental set (Einstellung) was expected to appear. The experiments were conducted in two different domains: management (Experiment 1) and English grammar (Experiment 2). Experts proved more resistant to intra-domain rigidity in both domains. In addition, they were faster and more accurate, thus replicating classic effects of expertise. The results regarding the role of anxiety in resistance to rigidity were unclear. The results suggest that, with reference to rigidity of experts, it is justifiable to distinguish between inter-domain and intra-domain rigidity. Experts, as compared to non-experts, should be regarded as more resistant to the phenomenon of intra-domain rigidity.
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The role of executive processes in working memory deficits in Parkinson’s Disease

71%
Gruszka A., Bor D., Barker R. R., Necka E., Owen A. M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2016
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vol. 47
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issue 1
123-130
EN
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs working memory, but the exact nature of this deficit in terms of the underlying cognitive mechanisms is not well understood. In this study patients with mild clinical symptoms of PD were compared with matched healthy control subjects on a computerized battery of tests designed to assess spatial working memory and verbal working memory. In the spatial working memory task, subjects were required to recall a sequence of four locations. The verbal working memory task was methodologically identical except for the modality of the stimuli used, requiring subjects to orally recall a sequence of six digits. In either case, half of the sequences were structured in a way that allowed ‘chunking’, while others were unstructured. This manipulation was designed to dissociate the strategic component of task performance from the memory-load component. Mild medicated patients with PD were impaired only on the structured versions of the verbal working memory tasks. The analogous deficit in the spatial working memory was less pronounced. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that working memory deficits in PD reflect mainly the executive component of the tasks and that the deficits may be at least partly modality-independent.
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