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BODY, ART AND POWER (Kermenis, maksla un vara)

100%
Kule M.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2006
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vol. 5
166-172
EN
The article deals with the philosophical interpretation of power in relation to the representation of body in contemporary art. Power, according to Michel Foucault's philosophy, is a wide concept meaning not political or economical dominance but a kind of relationships where dominance and subservience are interchangeable, creating a kind of network where the most varied processes of human life are involved. The body might possess power, too. Different trends of contemporary art represent the shift from the classical period determined by the mind and will to the post-classical one when the body and its sensations come to the foreground. The man realizes power relationships through the body. Since the 17th century the power has developed as the control over life. It happened in two forms: one of them was focused on the body as a mechanism, involving training, increasing skills, including systems of economical control. This is the politics of anatomy or discipline. The other sphere has increased in importance since the 18th century and is focused on the human body as a species through which biological processes like birth, death, health, and life duration are regulated. This is biopower. On the one hand, art conveys bodily passions, finality and death, expressions of pleasure, on the other - speaks about ways of how biopower is realized. Edmund Husserl's phenomenology describes two senses of the body: Leib stresses the presence of the spirit and connection between the body and the soul, Korper refers to the mortal, physiological and sensual body. The art of previous eras often strived to show the soul through the body. This is rarely found in contemporary art where the body appears as something mortal, changeable, vulnerable, cloned, something one chooses, etc. Artists often see the body as alienated, subjected to dominance and outer, alien power. The epoch is marked by a power that subjects, moves and changes the body, making it yielding, brutal, extreme and unstable. The body might turn into a detached thing injured in public (Viennese Actionism, Oleg Kulik, Gina Pane, Ron Athey, etc.), details come to the foreground, back and hair are depicted instead of face (Egon Schiele, etc.), the body becomes a place where the codes of consumerist culture are inscribed, etc.
2

THE ROLE OF HUMANISTIC KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES IN BUILDING A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY

100%
Kule M.
Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia
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2009
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vol. 17
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issue 3
317-341
EN
The article analyses the role of the natural sciences and humanities in building a knowledge-based society. Existing theories on a knowledge-based society overemphasise the role of the natural sciences and underestimate the role of the humanities. Indeed, the natural sciences offer practical benefits to people and seemingly better serve the desire of society to rule over nature, but they cannot explain why and how discoveries should be used. A modern knowledge-based society is unconceivable without a humanistic dimension rooted in culture because it is the humanities, not merely technological constructivism, which shapes today's economy. Furthermore, modern knowledge is characterised by differentiation and fragmentation, which lead to the loss of holism and interconnection (meta-knowledge) based on fundamental values. The author believes that without the humanities it is impossible to acquire knowledge of totality because a 'digest' of knowledge and creativity of knowledge are stimulated by orientation towards higher values and common goals of social development which cannot be defined merely as economic growth. In analysing knowledge and a knowledge-based society, the author juxtaposes the amount of knowledge and the moral value of knowledge. Equally significant is the issue of global and local development and the application of knowledge - can there be different national strategies for building knowledge, or is the increase of knowledge a global process because of the universal nature of knowledge itself? The article also touches on problems related to intellectual property by taking into account the supranational character of knowledge and the de facto existence of the e-world.
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