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Międzygatunkowe strefy kontaktu. Relacje psów i ludzi (z „diabelską śliną w sercu”) w literackiej dystopii Josipa Mlakicia O zlatu, ljudima i psima

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Szperlik E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2021
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issue 21
189-207
EN
The subject of the literary study proposed in the title is the triptych by Josip Mlakić, which follows the convention of a futuristic anti-utopia. The work provides research material amenable to the application of diverse, interdisciplinary methodological tools (from ecocriticism to animal studies). In addition to the symbolic framing of the issue of dogs in cultural history, the starting point for the reflections on the post-apocalyptic vision of the totalitarian world (through which further wars swept and disturbed the ecosystem) is the post-humanist and post-anthropocentric perspective of the present and future human condition, with a particular focus on species chauvinism. In the Bosnian-Herzegovinian writer’s anti-war prose, speciesism (seen from the perspective of the complex relationship between dogs and humans) is also manifested in the blurring of the boundary between the concepts of animalism and humanity, in a vision of the world in which homo crudelis proves to be the greatest threat. In the world depicted by Mlakić, the relations between the man and the dog can be defined as an example of companion species, “nanoculture” realised in diverse “contact areas”. There also arises the question of hierarchical relations between people, entities with weak subjectivity: the excluded, the marginalised and all exterminated Others, including the disabled, who become subordinated “dogs” with the status of victims. The anticipated result of the study will be to present the function of literature as a source of reflection and a medium of expression (an invention, attributed to the humans) in relation to the concept of the twilight of anthropocentrism.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy literaturoznawczej zaproponowanej w powyższym tytule jest tryptyk Josipa Mlakicia, utrzymany w konwencji futurystycznej antyutopii. Dzieło stanowi materiał badawczy podatny na zastosowanie różnorodnych, interdyscyplinarnych narzędzi metodologicznych (od ekokrytyki po animal studies). Poza symbolicznym ujęciem problematyki psów w historii kultury, punktem wyjścia dla rozważań nad postapokaliptyczną wizją świata totalitarnego, przez który przetoczyły się kolejne wojny, naruszające ekosystem, jest posthumanistyczna i postanatropocentryczna optyka obecnej i przyszłej kondycji ludzkiej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem szowinizmu gatunkowego. W antywojennej prozie bośniacko-hercegowińskiego pisarza gatunkowizm (speciesism), postrzegany przez pryzmat złożonych relacji ludzi i psów, przejawia się również w postaci zacierania granicy między pojęciem zwierzęcości i człowieczeństwa, w wizji świata, w której największym zagrożeniem okazuje się homo crudelis. W świecie przedstawionym Mlakicia relacje między człowiekiem a psem można zdefiniować jako przykład symbiotycznej kooperacji (companion species), „naturokultury”, realizowanej w rozmaitych „strefach kontaktu”. Pojawia się także kwestia zhierarchizowanych stosunków między ludźmi, bytów o słabej podmiotowości: ludzi wykluczonych, zmarginalizowanych i eksterminowanych wszelkich Innych, w tym niepełnosprawnych, stających się podporządkowanymi „psami”, o statusie ofiar. Oczekiwany efekt przeprowadzanego wywodu dotyczyć będzie ukazania funkcji literatury jako źródła refleksji i medium ekspresji (wynalazku, przypisanego człowiekowi), w odniesieniu do koncepcji zmierzchu antropocentryzmu.
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„Międzyświaty”, zaułki i przestworza. Oniryczna proza Damira Miloša — Nabukodonozor i Otok snova

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Szperlik E.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2012
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vol. 155
79-90
EN
The poetics of Miloš’ prose is characterized by the abundance of blurred and hazy images suspended between wakefulness and sleep. The location of the stories remains undetermined, while the prose is permeated with the recollections of the narrative subject, his erotic phantasms rooted in the subconscious, the hypnagogic imagery, polyphony, the multiplicity of voices and transitions between sexes (woman/man). The main themes of both novels include: death and the transitory nature of life, self-destruction of the individual in the postmodern world shattered by the Balkan War, the condition of the individual portrayed as adreamer restraining his neurosis, as well as the concepts of utopia, power and the manipulation of the individual. Seeking refuge from the world, the characters of Nabuchodonozor and The Island of Dreams sink in their dream visions, striving to grasp the mystery of their existence and to provide answers to their questions. The struggle consecutive thresholds of consciousness — the process for which C.G. Jung coined the name of individuation to mean mental metamorphosis and gradual rebirth.
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Zapach i kolor słów, czyli o próbach intersemiotycznego przekładu i synestezji w utworach Damira Miloša „Smetlar” i „Bijeli klaun”

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Szperlik E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2012
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issue 2
EN
The aim of the intersemiotic and conceptual prose of Damir Miloš is to overcome the limitations  of language  and  literary  description,  especially  when  presenting  reality  through  the prism of sensual experience, both visual and olfactory. In Miloš’s prose the interconnectedness of art forms, often perceived today as a symptom of a literary crisis or a trend towards intermediality,  becomes  a special  and  convenient  pretext  to  use  intersemiotic  translation, visuality  and  synaesthesia  as  a means  of  presenting sensuality  in  literature.  The  Croatian author creates a world in which his protagonists, marked with certain incapacities or hypersensitivity of senses (an absolute sense of smell,  colour-blindness or blindness), conjure up their own individual and subjective reality. Thus, Miloš stresses the postmodern aspect of the multiplicity of truths and perspectives.
PL
The aim of the intersemiotic and conceptual prose of Damir Miloš is to overcome the limitations  of language  and  literary  description,  especially  when  presenting  reality  through  the prism of sensual experience, both visual and olfactory. In Miloš’s prose the interconnectedness of art forms, often perceived today as a symptom of a literary crisis or a trend towards intermediality,  becomes  a special  and  convenient  pretext  to  use  intersemiotic  translation, visuality  and  synaesthesia  as  a means  of  presenting sensuality  in  literature.  The  Croatian author creates a world in which his protagonists, marked with certain incapacities or hypersensitivity of senses (an absolute sense of smell,  colour-blindness or blindness), conjure up their own individual and subjective reality. Thus, Miloš stresses the postmodern aspect of the multiplicity of truths and perspectives. 
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Zapiski z „Miasta Umarłych”. Obóz koncentracyjny Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška w literackich narracjach tanatologicznych i dyskursie pamięci obszaru postjugosłowianskiego

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Szperlik E.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2019
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vol. 168
507-520
EN
Notes from “the city of the dead”: Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps in thanatological narratives and in the memory discourse of the post-Yugoslav area This paper discusses selected Holocaust narratives of the post-Yugoslav area, which were set in the history of (Hitler’s) Europe due to the establishment of the pro-Nazi Pavelić regime (The Independent State of Croatia). They were also set in the context of the concealment policy, when both places and events related to concentration camps, Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška, were ousted from collective memory by the authorities of communist Yugoslavia. Concentration camp memoirs and records — auto(thanato)graphies (J. Derrida, A. Ubertowska) — reflecting on the post-Yugoslav area of Tito’s epoch had been a tabooed realm of unsolicited truths (S. Buryła) for a few decades due to political reasons and have recently been reintroduced into official discourse of memory. They also address the questions of the end of Western civilisation, the topos of the concentration camp as the territory of the reign of death and struggle for survival. The five selected thanatological testimonies present the Holocaust and the nightmare of World War II as an essential part of reflection on the human condition (H. Arendt) and they also show the phenomenon of collective trauma (D. LaCapra).
BA
Bilješke iz „Grada Mrtvih”. Konclogor Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška u književnim tanatološkim naracijama i u diskursu kolektivnog pamćenja na području bivše Jugoslavije Predmet razmatranja u ovom tekstu su odabrani autobiografski zapisi o Holokaustu sa područja bivše Jugoslavije, stavljene u vizuru povijesti (hitlerove) Europe povodom osnivanja režima Ante Pavelića kakva je bila NDH. Istodobno vrlo je važan u ovoj analizi kontekst politike prešućivanja te brisanja iz kolektivnog pamćenja mjesta i dogaᵭaja vezanih uz logore smrti: Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška koje su vlasti komunističke Jugoslavije nakon II svjestkog rata uspješno poricale. Vraćene u zadnje vrijeme javnom pamćenju sjećanja i uspomene na logor – „auto(tanato)grafije (J. Derrida, A. Ubertowska) – bile su nekoliko decenija prešućivane ili od javnosti skrivane u Titovoj državi te zbog političkih razloga spadale su u zonu nepoželjnih istina (S. Buryła). Zabilježena vlastita sjećanja na konclogora – kasnije proskribiranih autora/svjedoka – bave se univerzalnom temom smrti, rušenja civilizacije zapadnog kruga, konclogora kao područja svevladajuće smrti, istrebljivanja i životnjske borbe za preživljavanje zatočenika. Pet odabranih logorskih testimonija prikazuje traumu II svjestkog rata (D. LaCapra) te govori o stanju čovječanstva u postratnom razdoblju (H. Arendt).
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Przeszłość odkrywana zmysłami. Reminiscencje zapachów i smaków w autobiograficznej prozie obszaru postjugosłowiańskiego

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Szperlik E.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2015
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vol. 161
377 - 388
EN
The senses of scent and taste are the most primeval and infallible aspects of human nature and perception of the world. They are unerring in animals, sharpened in newborns and in people with tactile or visual impairments which may cause their senses to fail. The topic of the paper is olfactory and gustatory sensuality present in the autobiographical prose of contemporary writers of post-Yugoslavian area. As time goes by, the images of the past blur, losing their clarity or they are displaced from consciousness as aresult of traumatic experiences. The scent or taste stored in human brain define the individual identity/perspective of the narrator and subjective image of reality based on the memories. Recognizing scents and tastes seems to be the most reliable guide through the recesses of human memory. The autobiographical discourse uses the phenomenon as one of the more significant in modern literature. Recalling places, people, certain events and situations through scent or taste associations in literature (the brain memory) seems avery original and difficult way of presenting the world of senses in aliterary text referring to widely understood visuality and synesthesia in literary description.
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Morze jako żywioł i przestrzeń konfrontacji natury z kulturą. Ekopoetyka Damira Miloša w utworach Kornatske priče i Meke ulice

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Szperlik E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2022
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issue 22
343-361
EN
The article attempts to present selected prose works by Damir Miloš as an example of Croatian maritime literature and ecological writing. In the posthumanist view, the symbiosis of man and nature constitutes a postpastoral attempt to return to Arcadia. In Miloš’s prose, ecopoetics is manifested in J. F. Lyotard’s idea of “house-building” ( oikon and poesis ), which is currently also discussed by other researchers, in the harmony of the human and the world of nature, as well as in the perspective of pansociologism, according to which “everything is society,” and all existence means “entering into interactions,” and, lastly, in the optics of Bruno Latour’s hyperhumanism. The element of the sea ( its flora and fauna) in an ecocritical approach is characterised by liquidity, ambiguity as well as transgression and liminality ( between the world of nature and culture ). In addition to its causative elements, it can also communicate ( non-anthroponormative languages, post-koiné ).
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Staruszka w skąpym bikini albo „strach przed Babą Jagą” w utworze Dubravki Ugrešić „Życie jest bajką”

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Szperlik E.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 163
795-809
EN
The subject of the dissertation is ageing, physical passing and social rejection seen from woman’s perspective. The grotesque-ironic Life is afairy tale by Dubravka Ugrešić, along with the „Baba-Yagism philosophy” and the construction of „Baba-Yagology”, touches the problems related to old age as asocial taboo and double exclusion due to being both awoman and an old person. The work by Ugrešić deals with the phenomenon defined as ageism (R. Butler) which corresponds to the idea of power (M. Foucault), discrimination and stereotypical attitude to the social roles defined accordingly to the biological age of an individual. Among the many works of Dubravka Ugrešić — Croatian author known mainly for (anti)political texts describing the search for identity in Post-Yugoslav emigration — Life is a fairy tale belongs to the group of texts exposing feminine topics, with particular focus on somaesthetical perspective where sex and age, next to race, class or region, are the criteria for social ladder of power participation.
HR
Zasnovan na hermeneutičkoj analizi romana Dubravke Ugrešić tekst sadrži niz razmatranja na temu starosti, pogotovo ženskog oblika, tjelesne prolaznosti istarenja koje vode prema društvenom odbacivanju na marginu zajednice. Uslučaju ženske starosti riječ je oudvostručenojdiskri­minaciji iisključenosti zbog činjenice pripadnosti ženskome spolu te gubitka fizičke atraktivnosti. Imajući uvidu eng. pojam ageisma (R. Butlera), pojavu moći (M. Foucaulta) te teorijsku podršku u feminističoj kritici (S. de Beauvoir, H. Bradley, L. Irigaray), somaestetici (M. Merleau-Ponty, R. Shusterman), utekstu pokušava se dokazati glavne odrednice uUgrešićkinom romanu kao što su: uloga patrijarhata utretiranju (starih) žena, namještanje društvenih uloga pojedincu, starost kao društveni tabu iprije svega — strah od starenja/odbacivanja, koji je spisateljica smjestila u fenomen lika Babe Jage.
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Bośnia i Dalmacja jako literacka przestrzeń tożsamości hybrydycznej w utworach Miljenka Jergovicia

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Szperlik E.
Studia Slavica
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2013
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vol. 17
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issue 2
65-76
XX
The analysis of the chosen novels by Miljenko Jergović makes one reflect on the phenomenon typical of postmodernism, hybrid identity. The Croatian writer born in Bosnia has for years raised a lot of controversy (especially in Croatia) over both his national status and (Croatian?) works. After the break-up of Yugoslavia the political discourse in Croatia excluded „being in between” – existing and creating at the same time in a few cultural models or on the fringe of them, in the borderline. Today the works of Jergoviæ fit the canon of the modern Croatian (as well as Bosnian) literature. The world and location in Jergoviæ works are dominated by the area of Bosnia and Dalmatia strongly depicted as a space which is a paradigm of the complex identity of the writer himself and the characters of his novel. Bosnia-Dalmatia as the superior locus has a strong connection to autobiographical elements. Moreover, this way Jergoviæ and other writers from Bosnia are becoming the initiators of the phenomenon of broadening the literary field (according to P. Bourdieu: a piece of universe, author’s subjective intention) of „Croatian-Bosnian” literature, obviously locally, not nationally. Broadening the literary field is happening in the thematic aspect by weaving tradition and local colours of Islam/orient. When it comes to the intercultural dialog we can observe wiping out the borders between the cultures of the West (Croatia, Dalmatia) and the East.
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Od socjalizmu do transformacji, czyli o chorwackiej kulturze i literaturze popularnej ostatnich pięciu dekad

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Szperlik E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2013
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issue 5
349-354
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Opisać wojnę? Doświadczenie traumy w chorwackim dyskursie autobiograficznym i literaturze świadectwa o wojnie w byłej Jugosławii (1991–1995)

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Szperlik E.
Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia
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2013
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vol. 1: Między pamięcią a zapomnieniem. Trauma postkomunistyczna
225-245
EN
The topic of the analysis is microhistory — personal, autobiographical novels, record of memories and testimony to the nightmare of the last war in Balkans (1991–1995). The poetics of testimony literature is not being constrained (E. Kazaz). Also in relation to World War II there is a question about the status of the modern Croatian culture as posttraumatic culture (A. Mach). The topic of trauma as katharsis in autobiographical literature is taken up by A. Zlatar, referring to testimonial narrative (S. Felman), testimony of victims and perpetrators (G. Agamben, P. Levi). The topic of rapes and mass unwanted pregnancies being a result of sexual abuse has already appeared in the 1980s while discussing the Holocaust literature in relation to the last war in Balkans (D. Ugrešić). Exile takes up the problem of ethos and depriving of one’s identity (self writing — M. Foucault) as well as experiencing trauma and working it through (D. LaCapra).
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„Drżąca skóra” — ciało jako medium percepcji świata w prozie Slavenki Drakulić

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Szperlik E.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2011
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vol. 153
189-198
EN
The literary productivity of Slavenka Drakulić is an inseparable part of Croatian discourse of women’s writings. The essential element of this prose is the perception of woman’s body from her own, womanly perspective. Suffering, pain, difficult love, wounds of life create a chain of motifs in many of her novels. Behind metaphorically evoked here “trembling skin” there are hidden not only the obsession of discussing human intimacy perceived and expressed by the body but also the writer’s predilection for describing pain, illness, touching sensitive issues of complicated human relations, such as conflict with the father, a rivalry between a mother and a daughter for the same man or a desire to possess another person that leads to cannibalism. The “somatic” prose of Drakulić certainly has many aspects, ranging from perversion and suppressing taboo in literature to woman’s perception of her environment and her own experiences. Moreover, her prose is a cry of a subject imprisoned in the body and lost in the organism of life.
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“Mr Hitler,” Greta Garbo and the Jew Hidden in the Grass. The Literary Representation of the Holocaust in Ruth Tannenbaum by Miljenko Jergović

100%
Szperlik E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2023
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issue 24
209-231
EN
This article is an attempt to provide an insight into the fate of the Jewish diaspora in Zagreb, a city marked by the spectre of the Second World War. The events in the diegetic world are based on the fictionalised, tragic life of a young Jewish actress Lea Deutsch (1927-1943), who was acclaimed a prodigy of the Zagreb theatre scene and was killed in Auschwitz. Miljenko Jergović undertook the difficult task of addressing Croatian antisemitism, the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945), of which the darkest outcome was the Jasenovac concentration camp. The analysis of the work is part of a wide-ranging discussion on the acceptable ways to depict the Holocaust (language and form). The Croatian writer's novel highlights the topos of the eternally wandering Jew; he also dispels the myth about small promised lands in the history of Jews, who were scattered across Europe and had to face local exclusion, antisemitism and ghettoisation.
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