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Factors Determining a Drone Swarm Employment in Military Operations

100%
Zieliński T.
Safety & Defense
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2021
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vol. 1
59-71
EN
The aim of this study is to identify a drone swarm’s capabilities and the key factors influencing its employment in military operations. The research takes the quantitative analysis of scientific literature related to the technical and operational utilization of drones. The use of drones for military purposes in contemporary world is widespread. They conduct dull, dirty, dangerous and deep military operations replacing manned aviation in many areas. Progressive technological development including artificial intelligence and machine learning allows for the use of military drones in the form of a swarm. It is a quite new technology at the beginning of development. The study indicates that the capabilities of a drone swarm based on communication within the group and autonomy differentiate it from the typical use of unmanned aircraft. Size, diversity, self-configurability and self-perfection amongst the others indicated in literature are attributes of a drone swarm which may give advantage in military operation comparing to the classic use of unmanned aircraft. Emergent coordination as a command and control model of a drone swarm is a future way of utilizing that technology in military operations. In the future, a drone swarm will be a cheaper equivalent of advanced and much more expensive weapon systems conducting combat operations.
2
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Challenges for Employing Drones in the Urban Transport Systems

100%
Zieliński T.
Safety & Defense
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2022
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vol. 2
EN
Unmanned aerial vehicles, often referred to as drones, are increasingly used as an element of the transport system, including in urban areas. Despite the limitations, mainly related to the range and load capacity, it should be expected that in the near future, they will transport cargo and passengers as one of the elements of the urban transport system. The concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which envisages the use of drones and other aircraft in urban airspace, meets this goal. Literature analysis was used to identify and describe applications of drones in the urban transport systems and to articulate key challenges related to this issue as well. The article presents generalizations regarding the use of drones in the urban transport system, including urban air mobility. It identifies the key challenges related to their implementation in urban areas. Typical applications of drones in urban airspace include passenger and cargo transportation and support for services and Intelligent Transportation System components. The main challenges relate to legal regulations, safety and security, air traffic management, environmental impact, infrastructure and social acceptance for implementing drones in the city’s transport system.
3
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Współczesne wypowiedzi ludzi nauki w dyskursie medialnym. Esej naukowy

100%
Zieliński T.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2021
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vol. 30
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issue 3
139-157
PL
Wśród zjawisk silnie odczuwalnych po wybuchu epidemii koronawirusa szczególną uwagę zwraca niepewność. Nie chodzi tu o nieprzewidywalność zdarzeń występujących w środowisku naturalnym, jak: trzęsienia ziemi, wybuchy wulkanów lub punktowe zmiany pogody, ale o nieprzewidywalność zachowań ludzi, czyli zdarzeń zachodzących w środowisku społecznym. Dokuczliwość tak rozumianej niepewności, czy ściślej mówiąc odczucia niepewności, zaznacza się najczęściej i najwyraźniej przy podejmowaniu decyzji, kiedy nie wiadomo, jaki będzie efekt podjętego działania (lub zaniechania), czy zamierzony cel zostanie osiągnięty. Niepewność i współwystępująca z nią niejasność nie jest w przestrzeni społecznej czymś nowym. Ona istniała właściwie zawsze, jednakże rozwój i osiągnięcia cywilizacji, zmiany stylu życia, jego tempa i związanych z tym nowych wyzwań wielokrotnie zwiększyły częstość sytuacji obciążonych tymi dwoma zjawiskami. To, co się wydarzyło po wybuchu epidemii (właściwie pandemii), nieoczekiwanie tu i teraz, to ich wkroczenie do sfery zachowań codziennych, do tego, co wypełnia każdemu z nas w sposób powtarzalny 24-godzinną dobę, czyli na ten obszar działań i zachowań, które należąc do sytuacji regulowanych automatycznie i standardowo, nigdy nie wymagały namysłu i decyzji. Nikt przecież nie zastanawiał się czy dotknięcie klamki przy otwieraniu drzwi lub wejście do windy z drugą osobą albo zwykłe minięcie się z nią mogą w czymkolwiek nam zagrozić.
4
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Défenseur des droits civiques (l'ombudsman) - possibilités et limites de son efficacité

100%
Zieliński T.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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1995
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issue 1-4
71-84
EN
The article presents the circumstances of introducing the institution of ombudsman (called the defender of civil rights) in 1987 and its role during the political transformation in Poland. This independent from other authorities institution which was responsible only before the Diet was not known in other socialist countries. It is significant that the first election of ombudsman in 1987 were conducted just two years before the political transformation and the change of the regime in Poland. This was the way the Communist Party wanted to secure its influence, but the first person – Prof. Ewa Łętowska – chosen for this role, occurred to use the independence legally granted for this institution.The problem highlighted in the further part of the article, is the role of the ombudsman in the transitional period, after the fall of communism. Should it act in accordance to the legal acts adopted in the former political system (and not yet derogated), even though these acts were no longer compatible with the principles of the democratic state of law or should it act independently, what would be in conflict with the rule of acting within the law. Finally, the ombudsman, as well as the Constitutional Court, adopted the principle of the protection of acquired rights, under condition they were acquired without infringement of the principle of citizens’ equality before the law (so which were not obtained as the privileges granted for the narrow group of people).After the transformation, from 1991 the role of the ombudsman was not only to act in case of the violation of civil rights but also to act preventively, each time when it occurs that the projected legal act may infringe the civil rights granted in the Constitution or in the other legal acts equally for every citizen regardless their ideological or religious background. The basis of the ombudsman’s activity should be constituted by the universal human values.The ombudsman is elected by the Diet for 4 years and cannot be called off before the end of the mandate period, except three, listed situations. The person chosen should stand out with great professional experience and deep knowledge of law, high authority and moral qualifications, as well as great sensitiveness to the social problems.The ombudsman can act through judicial means, as the requests to the Constitutional Court or to the Supreme Court and the demand of the interpretation of legal act. He can exercise also legislation initiative and administrative control.At the beginning of its functioning, in 1991-1993, the institution of ombudsman was the aim of political attacks, especially by Catholic groups, who wanted their interest to be represented in the first place. Nevertheless, the ombudsman seems to strengthen its independence and neutrality and in the effect, after 1993 it gained the due respect and authority of one of the most important institutions in the democratic state of law.
5
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Les incidences de la ratification de la Charte Sociale Européenne du Conseil de l'Europe sur le systeme juridique polonais

100%
Zieliński T.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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1999
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issue 121-124
79-98
EN
Les considérations ci-dessus sur la ratification par la Pologne de la Charte sociale européenne, permettent de conclure que notre pays a progressé d’ un pas, grȃce à cette ratification, dans la voie de l’Europe sociale, voie irréversible.
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Les conflits collectifs de travail dans le droit polonaise

100%
Zieliński T.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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1992
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issue 1-4(93-96)
37-45
7
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National systems of law and european integration

100%
Zieliński T.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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2002
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issue 125-132
7-16
EN
Poland’s integration with the European Communities is, as it follow from our reflections, a fdifficult proces, which requires deep systemic changes that must occur within the framework of the transformation of the State system, which has been going on for ten years already and has been completed yet. Without continuing the transformation Paland has no chance for a real integration.
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