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EN
In the article, his author attempted to systematize various concepts and approaches to the issue of security by representatives of political realism. Political realism set out the main directions of thinking about security during the Cold War, however, focusing on the basic elements of the international system, including state security and mechanisms of peace and war, remains the dominant theory of international politics, which is worth reaching for inspiration for the development of security studies. The article presents the main assumptions of a realistic vision of security, the approach to security by representatives of traditional realism and current trends.
PL
Bezpieczeństwo powszechne zaliczane jest obecnie do kluczowych dziedzin bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Jego głównym celem staje się ochrona ludności przed skutkami różnego rodzaju zagrożeń, które mogą się pojawić na terytorium Polski, ale także poza jej granicami. Do tego typu zagrożeń można zaliczyć niewątpliwie fale tsunami, które są najczęściej następstwem trzęsień ziemi czy wybuchów podwodnych wulkanów. Autor w artykule podjął się próby analizy omawianego zjawiska z perspektywy bezpieczeństwa powszechnego.
EN
Public safety is included in the key areas of national security. The main objective is to protect the population against the effects of the various risks that may threaten Polish territory, but also territory outside Polish borders. In these type of threats we can undoubtedly include tsunami waves, which are often the consequence of earthquakes and eruptions of underwater volcanoes. In the article, the author attempts to analyze this phenomenon from the perspective of public safety.
PL
In connection with the progressive revolution that is changing the face of contemporary conflicts. This arena is becoming cyberspace, which is accessible to different actors: armed forces, criminal and terrorist organizations and hackers. In the article, the author deals with the analysis of cyberwar as an asymmetric conflict. He explains the essence of today’s asymmetric threats, analyzes the concept of cyberspace and also explains the concept and characteristics of cyberwar.
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Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w publicznej przestrzeni

63%
EN
The main task to improve all citizens life is currently creating an open society and life enviroment, open and useful for everyone. Minor criminality shows important social problem, which is taking more drastic forms. The article puts a spotlight on effects of criminality, not only for entity, but also as a threat for a public spa
EN
The article presents issues involving legal protection of borrowed works of art designated for temporary exhibitions outside the territory of their country of origin, which have frequently constituted the most crucial elements of national heritage of that country. Moreover, the mechanisms and regulations applied in the scope of insurance covering works of art and other objects with historical or scientific value which formed part of exhibitions organised by museums worldwide have been portrayed. The article presents experiences and solutions applied in this regard in Poland further to specifying international legal regulations that refer to the discussed issue.
EN
The issue of national heritage is an inseparable element of the existence of every nation. The article presents the legal regulations aimed at the protection of cultural heritage in Poland, as well as statistical data relating to crime in this area. The solutions adopted by the Polish police in the field of the identifying and combating of crime against cultural property and national heritage are also described. Furthermore, the article highlights the most serious crime against the national heritage that has occurred in Poland in recent years. The subject article was prepared on the basis of the analysis of literature, existing legislation and two interviews with Polish police officers.
EN
The article presents organisational solutions for the protection of museum collections and cultural heritage sites using the example of the state of Vermont (USA). Also the solutions are described adopted by US nationwide agencies established to respond to natural disasters. In addition, the article introduces the mechanisms and organisational and legal solutions for managing information in connection with an emergency situation, taking into account the needs for protecting museum collections and objects important to the culture and history of the residents of the state of Vermont. The article was prepared on the basis of expert interviews, analysis of the literature and current laws and regulations.
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