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EN
The article consists of four parts. A review of data sources on unemployment, briefly methodologies and definitions of the unemployed are discussed in the first part. The accuracy of the data on unemploy- ment, determined by sampling and non-sampling errors, is presented in the second part. In the third part a comparison analysis of the number of unemployed and the unemployment rate according to the 2011 population census, the Labour Force Surveys and registration of the unemployed are included. The fourth part attempts to explain the causes of differences in the measurement of unemployment between three considered data sources.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim.
EN
Both women and men in their lives have at least two careers: educational and professional. These careers can differ according to gender. The aim of this paper is to analyze educational and professional career differences between men and women using some macro indicators to correlate these two career indicators, as well as to investigate the diversity of the indicators among regions in Poland and other European Union countries, and to establish the position of Poland within the EU with respect to these indicators.
EN
Unemployment in Poland in the interwar period was a mass phenomenon of cyclical and structural types. It constituted one of the important problems to solve and had both economic and psychosocial negative consequences. Location of the population unemployed and their families was very difficult. Public aid was given. Population censuses provide valuable and detailed data on population, including the unemployed. The quality of these data in the interwar period in Poland can be assessed positively in terms of relevance, coherence, comparability in time and space, accessibility and clarity, and worse in terms of timeliness and accuracy.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
People in their lives realize family, educational and professional careers. Family career competes with educational and professional careers and they both delay union formation and reproductive decision-making, as well as affect the functioning of the family.The purpose of this article is to analyze some macro indicators that describe the family career of women in Poland, as well as to examine the correlation between this career’s indicators and educational and professional careers’ indicators.Some macro indicators of family career: total fertility rate, the number of marriages and divorces per one thousand of population, the median age of women giving births and the first birth, the share of illegitimate births, the structure of women by marital status were considered in this study.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
This paper is aimed to analyze the size of the labor force in Poland, according to the 2011 Population Census and Labor Force Survey at the same time. These data are not consistent, an attempt is made to determine the size and causes of this inconsistency. The number of economically active and working people, as well as two relative measures: activity and employment rates were analyzed. A test of significance of differences between two parameters was used in comparisons. The absolute and relative differences between the same data from two sources were also calculated. All results were considered in total and by gender, age, level of education and place of residence divided into urban and rural areas, and by voivodships.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wielkości zasobów siły roboczej w Polsce według spisu ludności 2011 i badań aktywności ekonomicznej ludności. Istnieją rozbieżności w danych uzyskanych z tych dwóch źródeł. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak duże są te rozbieżności i jakie są ich przyczyny. Analizowano liczby aktywnych zawodowo i pracujących oraz dwa mierniki względne: współczynnik aktywności zawodowej i wskaźnik zatrudnienia. Do porównań zastosowano test istotności różnicy dwóch parametrów. Obliczono także różnice bezwzględne i względne między tymi samymi danych z dwóch źródeł. Wszystkie wyniki rozpatrywano ogółem oraz według płci, wieku, poziomu wykształcenia oraz miejsca zamieszkania z podziałem na miasta i wsie oraz według województw.
EN
The aim of this article is to carry out analyses of professional and family activities of women, based on the results of the study “Psychophysical health of women during and after menopause in terms of preserving their ability to work”. This study was conducted in the years 2014–2016 on a sample of 300 women, in the Institute of Rural Health in Lublin on behalf of the Central Institute for Labour Protection in Warsaw. Menopausal and postmenopausal period corresponds to non-mobility working age in economics – that is 45–60 years old. Professional and family activities are the most important in a woman’s life, but they are competing against each other. Professional and family activities of the surveyed women can be assessed positively.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy aktywności zawodowej i rodzinnej kobiet na podstawie wyników badania pt. „Zdrowie psychofizyczne kobiet w okresie około- i pomenopauzalnym w aspekcie zachowania ich zdolności do pracy”. Badanie to zostało przeprowadzone w latach 2014–2016 na próbie 300 kobiet w Instytucie Medycyny Wsi w Lublinie na zlecenie Centralnego Instytutu Ochrony Pracy w Warszawie. Okres około- i pomenopauzalny odpowiada w ekonomii wiekowi produkcyjnemu niemobilnemu, czyli 45–60 lat. Aktywność zawodowa i rodzinna jest najważniejsza w życiu kobiety, jednak są one konkurencyjne wobec siebie. Aktywność zawodową i rodzinną badanych kobiet można ocenić pozytywnie.
EN
Objectives The analysis of the relationship between stress at work and results of cognitive functions amongst women, at peri- and post-menopausal age, performing intellectual work. Material and Methods The study group included women, aged 45–66 years old, employed as intellectual workers. Research instruments were: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; computer tests of the CNS Vital Signs; the Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire, and a questionnaire designed by the author. The results were statistically analyzed. Results Nearly a half of respondents experienced high stress at the place of work; 1/3 – on the average level, on a low level – every fifth. The largest number of respondents experienced stress caused by social contacts. Among a half of the women, stress was caused by the lack of awards at work, followed by the lack of support. Slightly fewer of them experienced stress caused by the feeling of psychological load related to the complexity of work or the feeling of uncertainty caused by the organization of work. Every third woman experienced stress due to the sense of responsibility or the lack of control. The smallest number experienced stress caused by physical arduousness, the sense of threat and unpleasant working conditions. The examined women obtained the best results with respect to simple attention, the worst results – with respect to the reaction time. The results concerning the remaining 9 cognitive functions were ranked in the middle of the aforementioned results. The intensity of stress at work and factors which caused this stress, negatively correlated with simple attention of women in the early peri-menopausal period, while positively correlating with the psychomotor and processing speed of women in the late peri-menopausal period. Among the post-menopausal women, negative correlations were observed between the majority of cognitive functions and the intensity of stress at work, and the majority of factors which caused this stress. Conclusions Cognitive functions of the examined women remained within the range of average evaluations, and were correlated with stress-inducing factors at the place of work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(6):943–961
EN
Objectives The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationship between the selected chemical air pollutants found in the Lublin Province and the semen parameters of men seeking fertility treatment for the first time. Material and Methods The study involved an analysis of semen sample test results obtained from male patients first reporting for fertility treatment in reproductive health centers in the Lublin Province, Poland. The data set comprises semen parameters of 13 148 men, and the number of samples in the reference period was 255–769 annually. Data on air pollution were obtained from the website of the Polish General Environmental Inspectorate and included selected chemical air pollutant levels, i.e., NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and PM₁₀. Results The mean PM₁₀ levels in the air increased, on average, by 0.65 μg/m₃ annually in 2000–2015 (p = 0.029); the mean levels of O₃, NO₂, SO₂ did not change significantly in the analyzed period. There were increasing trends in the mean sperm density and total sperm count of the subjects in 1992–2015 (p < 0.001). The mean percentage of sperm with normal morphology significantly decreased in the subsequent analysis periods: 1992–1998 (p = 0.001); 1999–2009 (p < 0.001); 2010–2015 (p = 0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between the ozone levels in the air in the Lublin Province and the percentage of sperm with normal morphology (r = –0.8311, p = 0.040). Conclusions Exposure to ozone in the air contributes to decreased percentages of sperm with normal sperm morphology. Over the years, there was an increasing trend in sperm density in the men first reporting for fertility treatment, and a decreasing trend in the percentage of sperm with normal morphology. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(3):387–99
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