In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.
Combustion of liquid fuels including diesel fuels is one of the major processes influencing the condition of the environment. Requirements for the quality of diesel fuels are related to the development of the construction of fuel feed systems, combustion and exhaust gas systems, and also with growing expectations from environmental protection. In the article are shown basic connections between standards of diesel fuels used in urban traffic described by proper norms and exploitation overworks and environmental expectations. Developmental tendencies of the quality of those fuels are also mentioned.
The article includes analysis o f basic terms an d definitions an d following issues: the directions of modification and development of the drive in the wheel vehicles, the forecast of development of standard fuels for internal combustion engines, the improvement of demands towards oils and fuel liquids, prospective fuel substances and non-standard fuels.
The advantages of biogas, apart from being just an alternative energy source, are its various possibilities of conversion. Chemical energy can be converted into biogas for heat, electricity and chemical energy of other compounds. Therefore, there are numerous opportunities for using energy from biogas. Some of them are used in stationary installations. Another application is as a fuel for vehicle engines by burning biomethane.
Risk management relies on identification, estimation, control and finance of potential risks. Excient process of management against alternate of ecological threat it’s people and nature resources protection before threats related to pollution of water, air, soil and other components of environment, which balance has been broken by reason of pronouncement of unexpected natural phenomenon, industrial failure and human activities. Negative environmental results are caused in case of pronouncement of threat damage to environmental component pollutions and ecosystems changes.
Agricultural biogas production and its applications are some of the most favorable methods of receiving the energy at present. Thanks to using biogas both to the production of electricity and the warmth and as an engine fuel we can limiting consuming nonrenewable energy sources. Using biogas as a fuel contributing also to the reduction of the greenhouse effect mainly thanks to methane reduction.
The paper presents most popular biofuels with their basic physicochemical properties in comparison with conventional fuels, the article also contains present normalizations of selected alternative fuels, the possibilities of supplying modern internal combustion engine with biofuels with requiring changes in their constructions were estimated on the basis of collected documentation.
One year ago there turned out the first scientific publications about obtain possibilities of 2,5 -dimethylfuran (DMF) straight from fructose, from raw materials like cellulose, starch or fruits. According to some sources, DMF could be use like oxygen fuel component, because of its properties. In th is article were discussed physical and chemical properties of DMF, and raw possibilities to DMF production as a second generation biofuel, there were also discussed possible technologies of DMF obtaining in “Wisconsin-Madison” technology. Besides there was performed an estimation of DMF application possibilities in present internal combustion engines.
Hydrogen it one of most spread radical on earth, this gas has to become alternative due to so general occurrence for mineral fuels exactly chance. Low is unchallenged advantage of employment of hydrogen in car engines emission, then hydrogen is fuel ecological completely. On way to general employment of hydrogen biggest barrier stagnant as storage of this gas is fuel and high cost of its production.
The expansion of the road network in Poland and in world constitutes a considerable risk for the natural environment, this article is showing the most important effects of road investments, for example: pollutants of atmospheric air, the noise and vibrations, pollutants of waters and soils, the fragmentation of the space and the decline of the landscape. Everything is leading it for destroying the environment in which we live. Describing all threats to the environment with themselves a structure and an exploitation of roads are bringing which, is practically impossible, the man in the last years very much is interfering in the nature, instead of to protect it for next generations, therefore designers and entrepreneurs should concentrate on eliminating negative effects of construction and the more late exploitation of roads and for improvement in their technical state.
Possibilities of biohydrogen fuel storing were represented. Hydrogen can be store in gas, liquid or constant form. Technological, material and economic hydrogen storing determinates were shown. Experiments and researches on finding optimal hydrogen storage methods have been taken into consideration.
The article presents technical and economical possibilities of utilizing normal and liquid waste, including hazardous, through circulating cement furnaces, at the same time complying with environmental protection regulations. Technology for producing cement without waste was presented, by using energetically and chemical aspects of many groups of hazardous substances, including PCB as well as freons. Environmental safe methods of utilizing technical and local waste, normal and liquid, were defined, using cement furnaces and at the same time reducing substantially cement production costs.
Status of municipal waste management in Poland requires decisive action in this regard. At present only a small percentage of wastes are utilized. In this state of affairs affects the low environmental awareness, lack of waste management plans in the municipalities, as well as the lack of installations for waste recovery and disposal. This article presents the most important legislation both at European and national level on waste management. Discusses the prospects for the energy use of waste particularly with firing and co-firing waste technology with heat recovery at the same time.
The aim of this paper is to show municipal and organic waste as an alternative source of energy and the benefits which can bring their energy use. These benefits concern both environmental reasons, as well as freedom from conventional energy sources and increasing energy security. The article discusses the biogas technology and plasma technology as the most promising waste to energy technologies.
This article present waste management in the world and in some highly developed countries in the European Union such as Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. Article presented also waste management systems in these countries, with special attention to the processes of energy use of waste (Waste to Energy - WTE) in existing plants.
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