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EN
The following paper investigates the nature of idiomatic expressions for emotions and analyses them in Polish and Norwegian. Emotions are a phenomenon universal for all human beings, yet their perception and expression differs across cultures. It seems to be a tendency in all languages to ‘somatize’ emotions, that is to place them in the human body, the nearest reference point. However, explaining this tendency by physiology is not always plausible as shown in the conducted study on expressions using internal organs and bodily liquids in Polish and Norwegian. Expressions that bear most similarity between languages coming from the same culture circle are not those motivated by physiology, but by culture, as for example those originating from Hippocratic humoral doctrine. Metaphorical mechanisms, claimed by some linguists to be universal, for example the so called container metaphor, are also to be found in the analyzed material. It has been proven that culture can influence the construction and perception of emotions. The language of emotions, which by default is a part of culture, calls therefore for more attention from researchers in all fields dealing with this topic.
EN
The paper examines the phenomenon of the feminine gender, which in Bokmål is optional. The choice between the masculine and feminine forms is nevertheless not without meaning. It has been proved that if some nouns appear in feminine form earlier in a text, it implies the use of feminine gender on other nouns (Dyvik, 2012). Hence, the appearance of feminine marking on different words is mutually related, and may be shown to be consistent or not. The paper analyses texts written by Polish students of Norwegian on three different levels of language command (A2, B2/C1 and C2+) and investigates their use of feminine marking. The results show that the feminine gender is most often used by beginner learners, which confirms the initial hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, the most advanced students show inconsistency in their choice of feminine marking at least as often as beginner learners. The general conclusion is that the majority of Norwegian learners are not fully aware of the implications which come with the use of the feminine gender.
EN
The aim of this paper is to investigate how second language speakers of Norwegian (henceforth Norwegian L2 speakers) differ in their use of modality expressions from native speakers (L1 speakers). As modality is a very broad subject, the main focus of the study is limited to one-word modal adverbs, such as kanskje ‘maybe’, and modal particles such as jo. The study compares the frequency of using different types of modal adverbials by L1 and L2 speakers, and their syntactic position. The implications of the study are two-fold. First of all, it is to contribute to the studies of the field of modality in Norwegian. The second implication is didactic, as describing the use of modal adverbials in Norwegian conversation can help devise right teaching materials to allow second language users achieve a more native-like competence in this respect.
DA
The paper deals with the phenomenon of nomina attrubutiva, i.e. nouns denoting a bearer of a quality, in modern Norwegian. It is a corpus study of 55 compound nouns with verbal, nominal and adjectival stems. The goal of the study is to determine which nomina attributiva are the most frequent in written and spoken language and to analyze their usage patterns with regards to their reference and the types of syntactic structures they are parts of. The results show that the analyzed compounds are far from being a homogenous group and that they differ particularly in respect to reference.
EN
The Issa Valley by Czesław Miłosz is a childhood chronicle inspired by the author’s own experiences in contemporary Lithuania, which used to be part of Poland in his youth. His narrative is rich in stylistic devices, which render it film-like: the background information is provided in the simple present tense (even when such details are presented in the middle of a paragraph formulated in the past tense); nominal phrases and sentences lack predicates, which makes them similar to stage directions. Miłosz also uses a number of dialectal expressions (the so-called Lithuanian Polish). In the existing Swedish and Norwegian versions of the novel the dialectal elements are not translated adequately. Moreover, most of the stylistic devices are lost: the grammatical tense is changed so as to fi t the rest of the paragraph, nominalizations are presented as verb phrases and predicates are inserted where there were none in the original. Even if readable, the Swedish and Norwegian texts are not as creative as Miłosz’s prose.
EN
The paper studies the use of the passive voice in academic texts written in Mainland Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) by their native speakers and by adult Polish learners of those languages. The corpus consists of 37 MA theses written in Scandinavia and in Poland. A number of referring verbs were chosen for the purpose of the analysis. The results show that while there are discrepancies in the use of the passive voice in texts written by Polish and Scandinavian students, they cannot be unequivocally diagnosed as resulting from the grammatical and stylistic influence of the mother tongue.
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