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1

Wolność prasy i innych środków społecznego przekazu jako zasada ustrojowa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

100%

Jaworski L.

Zarządzanie Mediami

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2014

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vol. 2

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issue 1

1–16

EN

The catalogue of Poland’s most important system founding rules have been included in Chapter 1 of the Polish Constitution. However, the location of a given law does not determine its power. Yet it can lead to certain conclusions about its legal meaning. These norms are usually defined succinctly; therefore, it may be necessary to refer to other articles of the Constitution, especially to Article 14, which conveys the rule of the freedom of media. The role of this freedom is influenced mainly by its connection with the freedom of speech rule. It is usually emphasized in connection with realizing the principle of civil society and the rule of political pluralism on which it is based. Article 14 of the Constitution formulates a general guarantee, while further rules can be found in the chapters about the rights and freedoms of an individual (Art. 54), their extension in the press law, while the status of the radio and television is subject to special regulations (mainly the Broadcasting Act). Article 14 also involves the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen. The basis is Article 5, while Article 14 is one of the co-defining norms. Expressing certain common values, the mentioned rule forms constitutional boundaries, within which the process of constituting the law takes place, as well as being the source of the obligation on the part of the whole state apparatus to implement the constitutional norms.

2

Rejestracja dzienników i czasopism w świetle prawa prasowego

100%

Jaworski L.

Themis Polska Nova

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2018

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issue 2(14)

73-91

EN

Among the laws regulating the press activity, the main one is the obligation to register a daily newspaper or a magazine (Article 20 of the Press Law). The registration application should include the data listed in that Article. Giving the role of a registrating body to the courts and not an administrative body, due to their independent nature, fosters the implementation of the free press rule formulated in Article 14 of the Constitution and developed in Article 1 of the Press Law. The ban on preventive censorship and press licensing is included directly in Article 54 Section 2 of the Constitution (this regulation, however, allows introducing by an Act of Parliament an obligation to obtain a license to run a radio or TV station). The registration mode is a kind of broadly understood application system and it is not included in the press licensing model. Nor does it have anything to do with preventive censorship. Regulations of the Code of Civil Procedure on non-litigious proceedings apply for registration procedure, together with alterations resulting from the Press Law. Magazine registration has two main functions: 1) protecting the name of no longer existing press titles (at the same time protecting the publisher’s right for the press title); 2) protecting the interests of potential readers. The latter case concerns preventing the reader from being misled about the true identity of a given newspaper. The Constitutional Tribunal noticed that the regulation concerning the registration mode is a limitation of the freedom of speech. However, the Tribunal did not find such a limitation that would breach Article 54 Section 1 or Article 31 Section 3 of the Constitution. Publishing a newspaper or a magazine may be suspended if in a given newspaper or magazine the law has been broken at least three times in a year, which has been confirmed by a valid criminal judgment. The regulations do not stipulate the option of cancelling the registration. It is, however, possibile that its validity may expire. According to Article 45 of the Press Law, in force since 19 July 2013, a person publishing a newspaper or a magazine without a license or suspended is subject to a fine. Currently such actions consitute a misdemeanour, and not an offence.

3

Zakaz cenzury prewencyjnej w świetle zasady wolności słowa

100%

Jaworski L.

Themis Polska Nova

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2014

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issue 1(6)

143-164

EN

Censorship is a special case of media control. In the authoritarian system it is preventive censorship as well as press licensing that constitute a characteristic symptom of this control. In law, the notion of censorship has not been defined: therefore one has to refer to doctrines and jurisdiction. In the Polish law, a clear ban on preventive censorship, understood as making publishing or broadcasting a certain message dependent on the prior consent of a public authority, was included in Article 54 Section 2 of the Constitution. This regulation constitutes, in the area that it regulates, a development and confirmation of the freedom of the press and other media rule expressed in Article 14 of the Constitution. Additional provisions of the press’s freedom of speech in the context discussed here are formulated in Article 3 of the Press Law. Although it does not refer directly to preventive censorship, the ban it expresses is supposed to prevent the actual infringement on the freedom of the press by preventing its print and distribution. As for the issues discussed here, what may be controversial is the approach limiting the introduction of preventive censorship only to public administration institutions. The Constitutional Tribunal in its verdict from 20 July 2011, referring to the use of publication ban within proceedings to secure claims in claims against mass media concerning the protection of personal rights (Article 755 Paragraph 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure) stated that the judicial power is not the administrative power. Therefore, the courts’ activity cannot be considered as using censorship, but rather as monitoring the law being obeyed in the preventive meaning. And as for the regulations included in the European Convention on Human Rights, its Article 10 (as well as its other regulations) does not directly refer to the issue of controlling or obstructing publications, especially press releases. This question, however, has been the subject of many rulings of the European Court of Human Rights.

4

Tajemnica zawodowa dziennikarza w świetle obowiązującego w Polsce prawa Część 1. Prawo do anonimatu

100%

Jaworski L.

Studia Medioznawcze

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2015

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issue 1 (60)

45-54

EN

The author of press material has the right to keep his/her name in secret (Article 15 section 1 of the press law). The so-called right to anonymity is the right to publish press materials without revealing one’s name or under a nickname. It refers to every author of the mentioned material. This right is also refl ected in the copyright law (Article 16 point 2). The press law considers exceptions to the obligation to keep secrecy of the data identifying the author of the press material (Article 16 section 1: when the press material refers to a crime described in Article 240 § 1 of the penal code, or when the author of the press material agrees to revealing his/her name). Moreover, the specifi c situations and the extent of being released from the obligation to keep a journalist’s secrecy by the court are defi ned by the code of penal proceedings (Article 180 § 2–4).

PL

Autorowi materiału prasowego przysługuje prawo zachowania w tajemnicy swego nazwiska (art. 15 ust. 1 prawa prasowego). To tzw. prawo do anonimatu oznacza prawo do publikowania materiału prasowego bez podawania nazwiska lub pod pseudonimem. Dotyczy ono każdego autora owego materiału. Znajduje ono również swoje odzwierciedlenie w przepisach prawa autorskiego (art. 16 pkt 2 tej ustawy). Prawo prasowe przewiduje wyjątki od obowiązku zachowania w tajemnicy danych identyfi kujących autora materiału prasowego (art. 16 ust. 1: gdy materiał prasowy dotyczy przestępstwa określonego w art. 240 § 1 kodeksu karnego lub gdy autor materiału prasowego wyrazi zgodę na ujawnienie jego danych). Ponadto sytuacje oraz zakres zwolnienia z zachowania tajemnicy dziennikarskiej przez sąd określa kodeks postępowania karnego (art. 180 § 2–4).

5

Koncesje na rozpowszechnianie programów radiowych i telewizyjnych w świetle wolności konstytucyjnych

100%

Jaworski L.

Zarządzanie Mediami

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2014

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vol. 2

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issue 4

141–155

XX

The right of every person to obtain information, guaranteed by Article 54 Section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, is realized mainly through media. In order to carry out these tasks, the media need to have guaranteed, and not just confirmed by the above mentioned regulation, freedom of speech, but also the freedom to perform activities, through which they will be able to distribute information. Such guarantees can be found in Article 14 of the Constitution, whereas the ban on preventive censorship and press licensing, expressed in Article 54 Section 2 of the Constitution is a detailed guarantee of the freedom to conduct business by the media. This regulation, however, stipulates that an act of parliament may introduce an obligation to obtain a prior license to run a radio or TV station. Administrative decisions in this matter are included mainly in Chapter 5 of the Broadcasting Act, titled "Licences to broadcast programmes", (Art.33-40b). It is also necessary to point to the fact that radio and TV programme broadcast takes place within the frames of running a business activity. However, according to Article 46 Section 1 Point 5 of the Act on the Freedom to Perform a Business Activity, running a business activity in the area of broadcasting radio and TV programmes requires to obtain a license, while the detailed range and conditions of running a business activity subject to licensing are regulated by other acts of parliament. According to Article 22 of the Constitution, “limiting the freedom to run a business activity is only acceptable by means of an act of parliament and only due to an important public interest.”

6

„Prasa i inne środki społecznego przekazu” – analiza pojęciowa oraz jej konsekwencje na gruncie art. 14 Konstytucji RP

100%

Jaworski L.

Themis Polska Nova

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2013

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issue 2(5)

298-313

7

Tajemnica zawodowa dziennikarza w świetle obowiązującego w Polsce prawa. Część 2. Zakres regulacji

100%

Jaworski L.

Studia Medioznawcze

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2015

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issue 2 (61)

43-51

EN

According to Article 15 section 2 point 1 of the press law, journalistic secrecy covers the information that the journalist obtained in the course of carrying out his / her job, and which refers to people who have provided specifi ed materials or information with the aim of being used by the press. These people must stipulate not to reveal data that would identify them. It must be also remembered that, in light of Article 15 section 2 point 2 of the press law, journalistic secrecy includes also all information which, when revealed, could infringe the rights of third persons protected by the law. Moreover, one must not ignore the fact that, according to Article 12 section 1 point 2 of the press law, a journalist is obliged to protect the personal rights and interests of informants acting in good faith, as well as other people who trust him / her.

PL

Zgodnie z art. 15 ust. 2 pkt 1 prawa prasowego tajemnicą dziennikarską będą objęte te dane, które dziennikarz uzyskał w związku z wykonywaniem swojego zawodu, a które dotyczą osób, które przekazały określone materiały lub informacje w celu ich wykorzystania przez prasę. Te osoby muszą przy tym zastrzec nieujawnianie identyfi kujących ich danych. Trzeba przy tym również pamiętać, że w świetle art. 15 ust. 2 pkt 2 pp tajemnica dziennikarska obejmuje również wszelkie informacje, których ujawnienie mogłoby naruszać chronione prawem interesy osób trzecich. Nie należy również zapominać, że w myśl art. 12 ust. 1 pkt 2 pp dziennikarz jest obowiązany chronić dobra osobiste, a ponadto interesy działających w dobrej wierze informatorów i innych osób, które okazują mu zaufanie.

8

Dziennikarska twórczość pracownicza

75%

Jaworski L.

Themis Polska Nova

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2011

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issue 1(1)

327-346

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Wolność prasy i innych środków społecznego przekazu jako zasada ustrojowa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Rejestracja dzienników i czasopism w świetle prawa prasowego

Zakaz cenzury prewencyjnej w świetle zasady wolności słowa

Tajemnica zawodowa dziennikarza w świetle obowiązującego w Polsce prawa Część 1. Prawo do anonimatu

Koncesje na rozpowszechnianie programów radiowych i telewizyjnych w świetle wolności konstytucyjnych

„Prasa i inne środki społecznego przekazu” – analiza pojęciowa oraz jej konsekwencje na gruncie art. 14 Konstytucji RP

Tajemnica zawodowa dziennikarza w świetle obowiązującego w Polsce prawa. Część 2. Zakres regulacji

Dziennikarska twórczość pracownicza