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EN
The foundations of local self-government in Poland developed in the nineteenth century, when the country was still under foreign rule. It was the time when the three partitioning powers started to implement, in the territories they governed, the first forms of self-government. The degree of the decentralisation of power varied. This paper focuses on the nature and depth of the changes that influenced the shaping and structures of the local government being formed in the territories of the former Congress Kingdom of Poland and the lands taken away by the Russian Empire, so-called Western Krai, after Poland regained independence in 1918. The primary aim of the study was to determine whether the transition from the local self-government existing under the Russian occupation to the local self-government structures at the beginning of the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939) were evolutionary or revolutionary in character. In order to achieve the research objective, the authors discuss the solutions for local self-government adopted in the Congress Kingdom of Poland and in Western Krai and compare them with the solutions applied in the Second Polish Republic. The findings of the research indicate that after regaining independence, the structures of local self-government were not created entirely new, but were merely modified and given more competences to increase their efficiency and to democratise the principles upon which they functioned. At the same time, however, also in the Second Polish Republic, likewise under the Russian partition, the far-reaching restrictions of independence of local authorities were maintained and were subjected to strict central government supervision.
PL
Fundamenty instytucji samorządu terytorialnego kształtowały się w XIX w., a zatem w okresie, gdy Polska znajdowała się pod zaborami. Oparte na różnych stopniach decentralizacji instytucje samorządowe wprowadzone były przez wszystkie państwa zaborcze, w tym także przez carską Rosję. Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza charakteru i głębi zmian w dziedzinie kształtu struktur oraz zakresu samodzielności władz samorządu terytorialnego na ziemiach byłego Królestwa Polskiego oraz tzw. Ziemiach Zabranych po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości. Zasadniczym celem analizy było znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy można mówić o ewolucyjnym przejściu od struktur władz samorządowych, istniejących w okresie zaboru rosyjskiego, do odpowiednich struktur w początkach II Rzeczypospolitej (II RP), czy też zmiany miały charakter rewolucyjny. Dla realizacji wyznaczonego celu badawczego autorzy omówili rozwiązania w zakresie samorządności terytorialnej przyjęte przez ustawodawcę rosyjskiego w Królestwie Polskim oraz na Ziemiach Zabranych i porównali je z rozwiązaniami zastosowanymi w II RP. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że po odzyskaniu niepodległości nie utworzono instytucji zupełnie nowych, lecz dokonano zmian, które jedynie usprawniły, zwiększyły efektywność i zdemokratyzowały zasady działania władz samorządu terytorialnego. Utrzymano ponadto daleko idące ograniczenia samodzielności władz samorządowych; w II RP, podobnie jak w czasach zaborów, działalność administracji lokalnej podlegała ścisłemu nadzorowi.
EN
Culture is one of the spheres in which human freedom is realized, and, at the same time, it is one of the main areas of public activity. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland recognizes (in Article 6) culture as the source of the identity of the Polish nation, its duration and development. In Poland, public cultural institutions definitely dominate among the entities operating in the field of culture. These are state and local government organizational units whose primary goal is to conduct cultural activity understood as the creation, dissemination and protection of culture. Cultural activity understood in this way, in accordance with the provisions adopted in Polish law, is not a commercial activity. This study deals with the issue of financing cultural institutions from non-returnable domestic funds. This subject has gained particular importance due to the deepening financial difficulties of cultural institutions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic underway since 2020. An important argument that justifies considering the above-mentioned topic is the lack of sufficient knowledge of practitioners about the methods (sources) of financing cultural institutions. An analysis of the legal regulations regarding the own revenues of cultural institutions, subsidies, sponsorship and finally, aid instruments related to COVID-19 was performed in individual parts of the study. In order to obtain a credible picture of the financial condition of the Polish culture sector, the amount of public funds allocated in our country for its development and protection in 2011–2021 was also examined. The analysis here shows that a characteristic feature of the financing system for Poland’s culture is a large diversification of the possibilities for cultural institutions to obtain non-returnable domestic funds, which can be considered both an advantage and a disadvantage of this system.
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