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1
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Trade Flows Between the European Union and the Eastern Partnership Countries: Dynamics and Prospects

100%
Grodzicki T.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2022
|
issue 4(35)
145-160
RU
Восточное партнерство является частью Европейской политики соседства, ориентированной на восточных соседей ЕС. Его основной целью является углубление политической и экономической интеграции ЕС с шестью странами Восточной Европы и Южного Кавказа: Арменией, Азербайджаном, Беларусью, Грузией, Молдовой и Украиной. Целью данной статьи является оценка развития торговых отношений ЕС со странами Восточного партнерства с 2002 по 2021 год и обозначение его перспектив. Результаты показывают, что ЕС входит в группу основных торговых партнеров стран Восточного партнерства. ЕС заметил и то, и другое: положительное сальдо торгового баланса с Беларусью, Грузией, Молдовой, Украиной и Арменией (кроме 2005 г.); и торговый дефицит с Азербайджаном. Объемы импорта и экспорта с годами увеличились, что также привело к лучшей экономической интеграции с ЕС. Однако будущие торговые характеристики и динамика ЕС-Восточного партнерства остаются неизвестными из-за российского вторжения в Украину, которое вызвало проблемы с торговыми потоками в Украине, и экономических санкций против России и Беларуси.
EN
The Eastern Partnership is a part of the European Neighbourhood Policy focusing on the EU’s Eastern neighbours. Its main objective is to deepen the political and economic integration of the EU with six countries in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to assess the development of EU trade relations with Eastern Partnership Countries from 2002 to 2021 and to indicate its prospects. The results show that the EU is in a group of main trading partners of the Eastern Partnership countries. The EU noticed both: a trade surplus with Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Armenia (except in 2005); and a trade deficit with Azerbaijan. The volumes of imports and exports had increased over the years which also led to better economic integration with the EU. However, the future EU-Eastern Partnership trade characteristics and dynamics remain unknown due to the Russian invasion on Ukraine that caused troubles in trade flows in Ukraine and economic sanctions on Russia and Belarus.
2
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Analiza kosztów miesięcznej terapii chorób przewlekłych, zaleconej po okresie hospitalizacji, prowadzonej w warunkach opieki ambulatoryjnej u pacjentów w wieku 80 lat i powyżej

45%
Piotrowicz K., Klich-Rączka A., Wizner B., Czech M., Grodzicki T.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 1
110-119
EN
Background: It is thought that at least one medication is taken by up to 60% of elderly people. What is more, in US elderly people living in the community take on average four medications, while home-care residents take averagely seven drugs a day. The above-mentioned facts, in the light of current demographic changes of the structure of population, indicate the growing cost of ambulatory drug therapy of the elderly. Aim of the study: To analyze the costs of one month of ambulatory drug therapy in the group of elderly aged 80 and over following hospital discharge. Moreover, the relation between the number of pills and drugs taken in general, concomitant illnesses and costs of therapy were assessed. Materials and methods: The retrospective analysis of medical documentation of 116 patients aged 80 and over was performed. The costs of therapy were calculated accordingly to the prices published in The Drug Index. Co-morbid illnesses were classified accordingly to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Analysis in the age subgroups was performed. Results: Mean age was 85.2 ± 4.2y-rs, group consisted of 62 women and 27 men; 27 patients were excluded from further analysis. Mean number of prescribed drugs was 7.6 ± 2.9 (min.–max.: 1–16), mean number of prescribed pills was 8.8 ± 4.3 (min.–max.: 0–23). Patients in the examined group suffered from 5.8 ± 2.0 chronic diseases averagely. Mean cost of one month of ambulatory drug therapy was 135.9 ± 95.7 PLN (min.–max.: 1,96–625,9 PLN). Significant relations between the costs of ambulatory drug therapy and the number of chronic diseases (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001) as well as the number of pills (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and drugs (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) were observed. The differences in the subgroups were observed. Conclusions: The high co-morbidity observed in the elderly results in the need for taking a great number of drugs and consequently causes high costs of ambulatory drug therapy. When planning ambulatory treatment, it is important to analyze the patients’ and their families’ financial situation, and when necessary provide economical support.
3
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Elderly Patients Satisfaction with Medical Services

45%
Tobiasz-Adamczyk B., Brzyski P., Gałaś A., Grodzicki T., Błędowski P.
Polityka Społeczna
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2011
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vol. 38
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issue special issue: MEDICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AGEING IN POLAND. POLSENIOR
22-30
EN
Authors discuss factors that affect patients’ satisfaction from the use of health care services by older adults participating in the national Polish survey PolSenior. The aim of the study was to assess the patterns of use of health care services by older adults and what is the level of their satisfaction from received care, moreover, to determine factors responsible for reported high level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. It was noticed that majority of Polish people over 65 reported high level of satisfaction, which might be related to their low expectations.
4
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Internet use for instrumental purposes in relation to the quality of life among elderly females and males in Poland – mediating effects of loneliness and social support

45%
Wójcik G., Kniaziuk K., Zawisza K., Tobiasz-Adamczyk B., Grodzicki T.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2021
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vol. 35
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issue 2
169-185
EN
ObjectivesThe study explores the direct and indirect associations (i.e., through the extent of the level of loneliness and perceived social support) between internet use for instrumental purposes and the quality of life (QoL) among elderly females and males in Poland.Material and MethodsThe analysis was based on 2001 face-to-face interviews performed among randomly selected individuals aged ≥65 years from the general population. The collected data was weighted to generalize the study sample for the reference population. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression models. The mediation effect was tested according to the Baron and Kenny approach.ResultsThe obtained results indicate that internet use for instrumental purposes is directly related to a better QoL of elderly Polish males. This positive effect among men also occurs indirectly, through the decrease in loneliness levels as well as the increase in social support scores. It has also been shown that among elderly females, the effect of internet use for instrumental purposes is not related to a better QoL, either directly or indirectly.ConclusionsInternet use for instrumental purposes seems to be important in enhancing a successful life among elderly male adults. However, these technologies are not associated with better QoL among females. Practitioners should be aware of these gender differences. The study adds to the previous studies by demonstrating that the feeling of loneliness and social support mediates the relationship between internet use for instrumental purposes and QoL among elderly males, whereas among elderly females this effect does not occur.
5
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Ocena postępowania w zespole uzależnienia od tytoniu (ZUT) w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej (POZ). Wyniki ogólnopolskiego badania zrealizowanego w ramach Programu Ministerstwa Zdrowia POLKARD

33%
Szafraniec K., Pająk A., Cichocka I., Frejek M., Broda G., Drygas W., Gąsior Z., Grodzicki T., Zdrojewski T.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 2
PL
Evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patientsAbout 40% of men and 25% of women in Poland are smokers and smoking causes approximately 50 000 premature deaths annually. According to the WHO experts, a tobacco cessation short intervention program provided by primary care physicians is one of the most important prevention measures. In 2004 National  Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program was launched as a procedure funded by National Health Funds (NFZ), which included the identification of smokers, assessment and treatment of smoking habit. In 2007, the Polish Forum of Prevention issued guidelines that can serve as an effective framework for tobacco cessation intervention in primary care clinics. The aim of this paper is: 1) evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patients, 2) evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on frequency of professional consultations on smoking cessation and evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on smoking prevalence. There were 66 primary care clinics which were recruited to participate the project; 33 clinics participated in NFZ program, the remaining 33 constituted a control group.Random sample of persons at age 35–55 years was selected from all persons registered in each clinic. Eligible for the study were patients free of cvd for whom medical records were available from January 1st 2005 at least. Finally 3940 patients in NFZ clinics, 3162 patients in control clinics were included. For each eligible patient medical records were reviewed and information was collected using a standard questionnaire.All patients were invited for a visit in the clinic. Finally, 2314 persons from the NFZ clinics and 2107 persons from the control clinics participated were examined.That effectiveness of the routine management of smoking cessation in primary care practices was very low. Equally in the NFZ clinics and the control group about 45% of participants were current smokers. Only 15% of patients had recorded information on smoking status in medical documentation and no significant difference between the NFZ clinics and the control group was observed. The NFZ program increased identification of smoking patients (up to about 80%). Physicians and nurses provided advising to 80% and 30% patients, respectively and the other measures to facilitate smoking cessation were used in small proportion of patients. For instance nicotine replacement therapy, including bupropion, was advised to less than 10% of smokers.With the exception to distribution of leaflets which were distributed more frequently in patients of clinics which participated in the NFZ program (22.5%) as compared to control clinics (12.8%), there were no statistical differences in proportion of patients getting professional assistance or other intervention measures between the studied groups. The NFZ program appeared to play important role in identification of smokers. However, the program was not effective enough in treatment of patients addicted to smoking. There is a need to supply the NFZ program by more effective procedure, a kind of structured intervention, which would allow to lower smoking prevalence in primary care patients.
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