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University in the Light of the Act on Higher Education and Science of 3 July 2018. Selected Issues

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Łabno A.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2018

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vol. 10

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issue 2

199-211

EN

The Act on Higher Education and Science of 2018 considerably restricts the internal autonomy of universities. Management is vested in rectors and university boards while neglecting the role of faculties, which, if established in the first place, have been reduced to entities of no significance. The rector, as the exclusive managerial body of an institution, and the university board, representing mainly external stakeholders, as a body supervising its economy, have been vested with such an ex-tensive authority that this may result in hindering the development of multiple academic disciplines, especially those in the area of the humanities, but also in the field of social studies in many cases.

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Uniwersytet w świetle ustawy o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce z 3 lipca 2018 r. Wybrane zagadnienia

100%

Łabno A.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2018

|

vol. 10

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issue 2

185-198

EN

The Act on Higher Education and Science of 2018 considerably restricts the internal autonomy of universities. Management is vested in rectors and university boards while neglecting the role of fac-ulties, which, if established in the first place, have been reduced to entities of no significance. The rector, as the exclusive managerial body of an institution, and the university board, representing mainly external stakeholders, as a body supervising its economy, have been vested with such an ex-tensive authority that this may result in hindering the development of multiple academic disciplines, especially those in the area of the humanities, but also in the field of social studies in many cases.

PL

Ustawa o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce z 2018 r. w poważnym stopniu ogranicza autonomię wewnętrzną w uczelni. Zarządzanie oddaje w ręce rektora i rady uczelni a pomija wydziały, które, o ile w ogóle będą powołane, zostały sprowadzone do roli podmiotów bez istotnego znaczenia. Rektor jako wyłączny kierowniczy organ uczelni i rada uczelni, reprezentująca przede wszystkim interesariuszy zewnętrznych, jako organ nadzoru nad jej gospodarką, uzyskali tak szerokie kompetencje, że w konsekwencji może to wpływać negatywnie na rozwój wielu dyscyplin naukowych, zwłaszcza z dziedziny nauk humanistycznych oraz w wielu przypadkach także społecznych.

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At the turn of the epochs. Beginning of the “modern state” in Portugal

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Łabno A.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2014

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vol. 22

EN

Portugal has a rich tradition in establishing the democracy. This tradition dates back to the 19th century and first Portuguese Constitution which was adopted in 1822. The Constitution, founded on the liberal principles, on the one hand referred to the experiences of the leading countries, which became constitutional models in Europe, and on the other, referred to the constitutional concepts characteristic of Portugal itself. Special importance should be attributed to the “Lei da Boa Razão” Act (Act on the principle of equity), adopted in 1769, during the kingship of Joseph I and reign of his prime minister marquis de Pombala. According to its provisions, equity has become a criterion in recognizing the validity of legal norms. The new law initiated a reform of the sources of law and was essential for the formation of the liberal state. In particular, it allowed to establish a “universal public law”, as it ordered the application of the law of “Christian, civilized and political nations” in “modern” fields, i.e. economy, trade and shipping. This law consolidated a trend to create law in writing and of general application. It also strengthened importance of the national law. Though, as the Portuguese law regulated family relationships only fragmentarily, and as “Lei da Boa Razão” was very vague, the application of law was left to the judges, who had to take into account the so-called subsidiary law. In consequence, the role of judges was particularly important. The same applies to the role of the doctrine. Although, the Constitution of Portugal from 1822 did not regulate the issue of the sources of law, it introduced the principle of subordination of the judges to the Constitution and the Law. The term Constitution involved in this case not only the Constitution itself but also sources of law, which were applicable by virtue of “Lei da Boa Razão” and findings established by doctrine of the civil law and public law. Constitution did not provide any remedy that would serve the judges to reject the law, when it would be in contradiction to the constitutional norm. Control of constitutionality in the modern sense has been established in Portugal eventually by the Constitution in 1911. It was a model of judicial review. Sources of law in Portugal, “Lei da Boa Razão”, Constitution from 1822, judicial review in Portugal.

PL

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University in the Light of the Act on Higher Education and Science of 3 July 2018. Selected Issues

Uniwersytet w świetle ustawy o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce z 3 lipca 2018 r. Wybrane zagadnienia

At the turn of the epochs. Beginning of the “modern state” in Portugal