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PL
Artykuł dotyczy działań władz polskich wobec społeczność łemkowskiej w latach trzydziestych dwudziestego wieku. Autor pokazał wielonurtowość działań polskich czynników rządowych (na poziomie kulturowym, religijnym, gospodarczym i administracyjnym) nakierowanych na złączenie Łemków z państwem i narodem polskim. Za głównego rywala w walce o wpływy na tę ludność rząd uznawał nacjonalistów ukraińskich. Stąd choćby wspieranie przez Warszawę powołania osobnej Administratury Apostolskiej Łemkowszczyzny, która miała chronić ludność łemkowską od agitacji proukraińskiej prowadzonej przez duchowieństwo greckokatolickie. Szeroko zakrojone działania władz odnosiły wymierne efekty pod koniec lat trzydziestych, jednak zniwelowane zostały na skutek wybuchu drugiej wojny światowej.
EN
The article is concerned with the actions of the Polish authorities towards the Lemko community in the 1930s. The author shows the many currents in the policies of the Polish Government circles (on the cultural, religious, economic and administrative levels) aiming at uniting Lemkos with the Polish state and nation. The Government considered the Ukrainian nationalists as its main rival in its struggle for influence over that population. Hence actions, like support given by Warsaw to the idea of establishing a separate Apostolic Administration of Lemkivshchyna, that was supposed to protect the Lemko population from the pro-Ukrainian propaganda spread by Greek-Catholic clergy. The authorities’ actions conceived on a wide scale had practical effects at the end of the 1930s, however, they were frustrated as a result of the outbreak of the Second World War.
EN
As a result of the post-war resettlement (1944–1946) to the areas of the Ukrainian SSR , then to the so-called recovered territories, as part of the „Vistula Action” (1947), the area of Orthodox Lemkos’ religious life ceased to exist. Most historic temples with their equipment were destroyed. The Orthodox property was plundered. The process of restoration of the Orthodox parish network began after 1956. Its result was the establishment of Rzeszów Deanery already in 1959. The revival of the parish structures encountered numerous difficulties. Among the most important should be mentioned unfavorable position of local religious authorities, poor conditions of the temples, the lack of clergy. However, by the end of the 60s it had been possible to create a network of parish temples, which in general satisfied the religious needs of the faithful. The key moment for the development and stabilization of the religious life was the erection of Przemysl – Nowy Sacz Diocese in 1983. Following the democratic changes taking place in Poland after 1989, Orthodox Church began a new period in its operations. In addition to the integration, because of the emerging opportunities, in a wider range it could fulfill its culture-creating role and become an important element of the multicultural region.
PL
W wyniku powojennych przesiedleń (1944–1946) na tereny USRR, a następnie na Zie-mie Odzyskane w ramach akcji „Wisła” (1947 r.) życie religijne prawosławnych Łem-ków na obszarze Łemkowszczyzny przestało istnieć. W większości zabytkowe świątynie wraz z wyposażeniem uległy zniszczeniu. Mienie cerkiewne zostało rozgrabione. Proces odbudowy prawosławnej sieci parafialnej rozpoczął się po 1956 r. Jego efektem było powołanie już w 1959 r. dekanatu rzeszowskiego. Odradzanie się struktury parafialnej napotykało liczne utrudnienia. Wśród najważniejszych należy wymienić nieprzychylne stanowisko lokalnych władz wyznaniowych, zły stan przekazywanych świątyń, brak duchowieństwa. Jednak do końca lat 60. XX w. udało się stworzyć sieć parafialną, która zaspokajała potrzeby religijne wiernych. Kluczowym momentem dla rozwoju i stabili-zacji życia religijnego było erygowanie w 1983 r. diecezji przemysko-nowosądeckiej. W wyniku przemian demokratycznych dokonujących się w Polsce po 1989 r. Cerkiew prawosławna rozpoczęła nowy okres w swojej działalności. Poza elementami integra-cyjnymi, ze względu na pojawiające się możliwości, mogła w szerszym zakresie wypeł-niać swoją funkcję kulturotwórczą i stawać się istotnym elementem wielokulturowości regionu.
PL
The areas of Beskid Niski and Beskid Sądecki are an important tourist attraction of our country. The material culture left in these areas by the Lemko people, provides a rich source of knowledge about the people who inhabited these lands. Numerous heritage parks with orthodox churches, shrines and stone crosses are now protected from devastation. The contemporary inhabitants of the areas of Beskid Niski and Beskid Sądecki do not allow the destruction of what was created by many generations of the Lemko people and their culture. The area populated by the Lemko people, hereafter hereafter referred to as Łemkowszczyzna, is a recommended tourist destination. Its cultural heritage is the main attraction of the land where the Lemko people used to live for many generations, and that is why their material culture must be protected. Many of the beliefs of the Lemko people come to be a part of the folklore of later generations. The beliefs exist even now with only slight changes and are still prevalent in small villages in this area. Sculptures made of wood and roadside shrines are regarded as important sites in these areas. A great number of Orthodox churches were destroyed after World War II as a result of demolition and negligence in the preservation of the area. Governmental authorities as well as ecclesiastical bodies did not make any afford to save the churches. The Orthodox churches were plundered for construction material and fuel – many valuable artefacts were destroyed. Some churches had priceless icons, dating back to the 16th age, and sometimes even, the 15th century. There were also a lot of later paintings from the 19th century. At present, all the more valuable paintings are in the regional museums or have been stolen. Currently, in the Orthodox churches there are mostly paintings of lesser value. There are a lot of stone crosses or shrines, not only in cemeteries, but also by the roads of the entire Łemkowszczyzna. A lot of shrines are placed by the main roads as well as by the fields. Łemkowszczyzna is a very interesting area with its territory untouched civilization. This area is most certainly worth visiting. The material culture, which was left in these areas by the Lemko people, is a valuable source of knowledge abou the people who inhabited these lands.
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RU
Главной задачей настоящего доклада является научное исследование истории св. православия на Лемковщине вXX веке. Названный период является особым столетием в истории Лемков, так как этот славянский народ решает вернуться к вере предков. Наблюдаются два этапа возвращения: первый – до Первой мировой войны; второй – в межвоенный период (1918–1939 гг.). Лемки в ХХ веке перенесли много испытаний, первоначально от Австро-Венгерской власти, которая помещала их в Талергофском концлагере, потом от государственных властей ПНР, которые переселили священников и мирян в рамках акции «Висла» на запад Польши. Православная церковная власть в Польше, не оставлявшая без внимания Лемковщины, всеми силами поддерживала лемковский народ. Результатом этих усилий стала Перемышльско-Новосондетская епархия, образована в 1983 году.
EN
The article is devoted to a Lemko village of Bartne situated in the Low Beskids, in the valley of Bartnianka stream, between the mountain ranges covered with forest. The village has a layout characteristic for the so-called forest village, in which a road running along a stream constitutes the main axis, and there are dirt roads perpendicular to it. Bartne was founded in the 16th century on the basis of the Wallachian rights. A family of a well-known composer Dmitry Bortniansky, the court composer of Tsarina Catherine the Great, came from here and an eulogist of Lemkivshchyna, novelist Wladimir Ignatiewicz Chiljak lived here for many years. The village became famous for local stonecutters whose manufacture (roadside shrines, cemetery tombstones, handmills) was recognised in the vicinity and beyond. Among the village buildings dominate two sacral ones: the older Greek-Catholic church and the Orthodox church established in the inter-war period. The cemeteries are also important: a parish cemetery, a choleric cemetery (from the 19th c.) and a war cemetery (from World War I). The inhabitants of the village lived in houses typical of Lemkos, the so-called chyża, where both the residential and the farming part were under one roof. A chyża was accompanied by separate granaries, cellars or other outhouses (forge, cart house, etc.). Fortunately, the buildings in the village survived the operation “Vistula” which was carried out by the Communists after World War II and consisted in forced resettlement of the local population to completely culturally unfamiliar northern areas of Poland. The political thaw after the Stalin’s death allowed the return of the displaced people to their homeland and resettle the surviving farms. Bartne, which was noticed by the conservation services in the 1960s, soon became the object of thorough studies carried out by a team of researchers from Kraków under the direction of Marian Kornecki, the leading researcher of wooden architecture in Poland. In the paper that crowned the fieldwork, completed in 1978, the team postulated the entry of the village layout and its buildings, as well as the most valuable individual farmhouses, to the register of historic monuments. In the same year the relevant inscriptions were made, and Bartne was recognised as an urban and architectural reserve. According to the assumptions proposed by M. Kornecki’s team, the village was supposed to have three protection zones: 1) a strict reserve, 2) an intensified protection zone, 3) a general protection zone. Today, 35 years after the foundation of the reserve, Bartne has transformed from a typical Lemko village into a model example of a devastated cultural landscape where the still untouched nature is accompanied by a small number of preserved wooden houses as well as stone and wooden granaries, but is dominated by brick buildings that are chaotic in their layout and aggressive in their form and colours, and ignore the harmony between the human creation and the nature’s one. Conservation services suffered a spectacular defeat in Bartne. Despite the recognition of the village as a reserve – the area subject to particular protection by definition – it lost within one generation most of those values which played a decisive role when it was granted the special status in 1978. There are many reasons that caused such situation: exclusion of the local population from the process of establishing the reserve, which made them hostile to the whole idea, withdrawal of people capable of executing the initial vision, abandonment of comprehensive and coordinated protective measures, inability to initiate a dialogue with the owners of historic buildings, lack of funds for specialized repairs. In today’s Bartne only a few enclaves of historic wooden buildings and individual historic objects have been preserved, overwhelmed by new, in general ugly, brick buildings, which do not constitute a cohesive and harmonious layout anymore. The reserve de facto stopped existing. At the moment, you can only protect humble remains that have been disappearing in the recent years at an alarming pace anyway. However, a radical change of approach by conservation services and local population, an idea for proper implementation of protective measures and their management as well as a more flexible model of financing are necessary, which could be achieved with the changes in the system of monuments protection in Poland proposed in the article.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności Jana Lewiarza jako organizatora i odnowiciela Cerkwi prawosławnej w południowo-wschodniej Polsce. Nie wiadomo, czy faktycznie przyjął święcenia kapłańskie, mimo to stał się jedną z najważniejszych osób w Kościele prawosławnym w Polsce. Jego aktywność – połączona ze ścisłą współpracą z władzami państwowymi – doprowadziła do przejmowania wielu pounickich majątków, w tym świątyń, które stały się podstawą do tworzenia nowych parafii prawosławnych w południowo-wschodniej Polsce.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present the activities of Jan Lewiarz as the organiser and restorer of the Orthodox Church in south-eastern Poland. There are several versions of the biography of Jan Lewiarz, which do not make it possible to say whether he actually was ordained a priest. However, he became one of the most important people in the Orthodox Church in Poland. His activity, joined with close cooperation with state authorities, led to the taking over of many properties and temples which belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church. Many of them became the basis for the creation of new Orthodox parishes in south-eastern Poland.
EN
There is an interesting collection of icons in the Parish Museum in Grybów. Although their exact provenance is unknown, it is clear that they are here thanks to Jan Solak, the parish priest of St. Kateryna’s church in Grybów from 1921 to 1961, who moved them from nearby churches deserted after Operation Vistula. On the basis of stylistic analysis and comparative studies, it was possible to see that most of them came from workshops which operated in Lemkovyna during the 17th century. The studies presented here concern two previously unknown icons from the circle of Muszyna painters. These are two fragments of the apostolic tier from an unknown church. As a result of detailed research, it was possible to identify the stylistically closest works (from Matysowa, Banica, Brunary), assign the time of creation (c. 1640), find the next part of the described apostolic row in the Regional Museum in Nowy Sącz and determine its provenance (Brunary).
PL
W Muzeum Parafialnym w Grybowie znajduje się interesujący zbiór ikon. Choć ich dokładna proweniencja nie jest znana, wiadomo, że znalazły się tu dzięki proboszczowi kościoła św. Katarzyny w Grybowie w latach 1921-1961, Janowi Solakowi, który przeniósł je z pobliskich cerkwi opustoszałych po wysiedleńczej akcji „Wisła”. Na podstawie analizy stylistycznej i studiów porównawczych udało się większość z nich połączyć z warsztatami pracującymi na Łemkowszczyźnie w XVII wieku. Prezentowane tu badania dotyczą dwóch nieznanych wcześniej ikon pochodzących z kręgu malarzy muszyńskich, które stanowią fragmenty rzędu apostolskiego ikonostasu z nieznanej cerkwi. W wyniku szczegółowych badań udało się wskazać dzieła najbliższe stylistycznie (z Matysowej, Banicy i Brunar), określić czas ich powstania (ok. 1640 roku), odnaleźć w Muzeum Okręgowym w Nowym Sączu kolejną część opisywanego rzędu apostolskiego i ustalić miejsce jego pochodzenia (Brunary).
EN
}e Organization for Defense of Lemko Western Ukraine in America, Inc. (OOL) is one of the oldest and most influential Lemkos organizations in the United States. It was necessary for them to help families in the homeland. Material assistance was donated in large part to Ukrainian schools, churches, artistic ensembles, and Ukrainian educational institutions. OOL was formed in 1936 in Philadelphia and began to publish the monthly „Lemkivskiy Dzvin”. With the arrival of the Second World War, OOL halted its activities. In 1958 OOL began to publish the monthly „Lemkivski Visti”. Having its own press organ OOL grew significantly during this time. It founded new branches, as well as increased the number of fundraisers to help the Lemko region, increased the number of subscribers to the newspaper. }e National Council of OOL in 1976 called to life the Lemko Research Foundation. From 1979 OOL publish „Lemkivshchyna” in place of „Lemkivski Visti”. Under the direction of OOL exists the Ukrainian Lemko Museum in Stamford. Members of the organization call themselves as Ukrainians. In their opinion Lemkivshchyna is a part of Ukraine.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2023
|
vol. 41
|
issue 2/2
443-462
EN
The Lemko region is an example of a landscape with decent revitalization attempts. Nevertheless, it remains an area with a varied state of preservation of the heritage of its former inhabitants. The aim of the article is to present the case of the voluntary reconstruction of the belfry in the non-existent village of Polany Surowiczne. To achieve this, selected theoretical concepts drawn from environmental psychology, theory of space and memory studies were utilized. Moreover, based on values and phenomenology other possible interpretations of the undertaken actions were proposed. The source base of the study are public statements of the initiator of the reconstruction of the belfry as well as official materials documenting the reconstruction project. The analyzed case is also interesting due to participatory character of the restoration undertaken.
PL
Łemkowszczyzna to przestrzeń działań o charakterze rewitalizacyjnym. Niemniej pozostaje ona obszarem o bardzo zróżnicowanym stanie zachowania dziedzictwa jej dawnych mieszkańców. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przypadku społecznej odbudowy dzwonnicy w nieistniejącej wsi Polany Surowiczne. W związku z tym wykorzystano wybrane koncepcje teoretyczne zaczerpnięte z psychologii środowiskowej, teorii przestrzeni i pamięcioznawstwa oraz wskazano na inne możliwości interpretacji podejmowanych działań, w szczególności odnoszące się do wartości i fenomenologii. Bazą źródłową studium są publiczne wypowiedzi inicjatora odbudowy dzwonnicy i oficjalne materiały dokumentujące projekt odbudowy. Analizowany przypadek jest ciekawy ze względu na społeczny charakter podejmowanych działań rewitalizacyjnych.
11
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EN
The Lemko churches preserved to present times are one of the most characteristic elements of the cultural landscape of the northern Carpathians. They are also clear, visual evidence of the multinational and multi-confessional history of the Beskidy mountains. Both – dramatic and complicated history and contemporary situation of the Lemko minority, perfectly presents direct impact of political events on the history of the Lemkos and their spiritual and material culture. The main purpose of the article is to show, on the example of the Lemko region, the overriding influence of political conditions on the denominational structure. Transformations and political decisions made without the participation of the most interested, in this case the Lemkos, effectively determined the private sphere of life like a religious faith. It took place both in the twentieth century and also few hundred years earlier. It also takes place today.
PL
Zachowane do dziś łemkowskie cerkwie są jednymi z najbardziej charakterystycznych elementów krajobrazu kulturowego północnych Karpat oraz dowodem na wielonarodową i wielowyznaniową przeszłość Beskidów. Dramatyczna i skomplikowana historia oraz współczesna sytuacja tego regionu pokazuje bezpośredni wpływ wydarzeń politycznych na dzieje Łemków, ich kulturę duchową i materialną. Głównym celem artykułu jest pokazanie na przykładzie Łemkowszczyzny nadrzędnego wpływu uwarunkowań politycznych na strukturę wyznaniową. Przekształcenia i decyzje polityczne, zapadające bez udziału najbardziej zainteresowanych (w tym przypadku Łemków), skutecznie determinowały tak bardzo prywatną sferę życia jak wiara religijna. Miało to miejsce zarówno w XX w., jak i kilkaset lat wcześniej, jest tak również współcześnie.
PL
W artykule omówiono początki powojennej działalności organizacyjnej mniejszości ukraińskiej i łemkowskiej w Polsce oraz jej zmiany jakościowe, ilościowe i przestrzenne w kolejnych dekadach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stanu aktualnego. Przedstawiono zależności między zmianami sytuacji politycznej a przekształceniami ukraińskich i łemkowskich struktur organizacyjnych. Głównym celem było przedstawienie uwarunkowań współczesnego pluralizmu organizacyjnego oraz opinii liderów wybranych organizacji.
EN
Since the middle of the 20th century, the fundamental factors which shaped Ukrainian and Lemko organizational structures in Poland, were the attitude of the state authorities to Ukrainians and Lemkos and political-legal system of the state. In People's Republic of Poland period, because of the strict limitation and control of all activities of political, social and cultural citizens, aversion of the authorities to the Ukrainians, non-recognition separateness of Lemkos and aspiration to assimilate all non- -Polish community, the organizational activity was limited to a minimum and focused on the implementation of objectives to the national minorities by the ruling bodies. Through the whole People's Republic of Poland period there worked the only one Ukrainian organization which was totally controlled by the authorities, but it wasn’t agreed to initiate Lemko organization. After the changes of regime in the early 90s, political and legal changes and different approach to non-Polish citizens of state authorities, it become a distinct activation and strong pluralization of the organizational structures. The number did not always go hand in hand with the quality and persistence, but admittedly after the year 1990, there has taken place rapid development of an independent Ukrainian and Lemko national, political, social, cultural, artistic and editorial activity. Sometimes it causes disputes and controversy, both within minority communities and in relations with Polish majority, but at the same time, despite of the permanent financial problems and frequent lack of understanding among the officials, it is a sign of the effective committing to the maintain of the identity and distinctiveness of groups by the activists. The spatial structures of Ukrainian organizations largely reflect contemporary territorial spread of Ukrainians, whereas Lemko organizations, despite of living most of Lemkos in Lower Silesia, are the most active in Lemko Region which was inhabited by them till displacement in the middle of 20th century.
Studia Pigoniana
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2023
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vol. 6
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issue 6
49-86
EN
About Stanislaw Wyspiański’s Two Stays in the Lemkivshchyna Region Stanisław Wyspiański’s works are traditionally associated with Young Poland, belonging axiologically to the world of Western culture and Latin Christianity. Nevertheless, from his early youth the Artist took a keen interest in the Borderlands of the Republic of Poland, as well as the artistic culture of Eastern Christianity. Wyspiański’s familiarity with these issues was brought by a solo trip to Lviv and the surrounding areas, which he took in August 1887. Two years later, unexpectedly and rather accidentally, the Artist, together with Józef Mehoffer, found himself in the Lemko village of Królowa Ruska (today, Królowa Górna), where, during a two-day stay, he made a drawing and descriptive inventory of the seventeenth-century artistic furnishings of the interior of the local church, in addition to holding a consultation with the Lemkos and a Greek Catholic priest on the design of a new iconostasis for the temple. The second of Wyspiański’s stays in the Lemkivshchyna region took place in the summer of 1901, when the Artist and his family lived for five weeks in the Lemko town of Deszno, near Rymanow-Zdrój, in a house for patients that does not exist today. The field research conducted by the author of this article has made it possible not only to verify previous speculations on the question of where the Wyspiański family lived in 1901, but also to gather convincing factual material on the basis of which it is possible today to infer such matters with certainty.
PL
O dwóch pobytach Stanisława Wyspiańskiego na Łemkowszczyźnie Twórczość Stanisława Wyspiańskiego tradycyjnie wiązana jest z Młodą Polską, przynależąc aksjologicznie do świata kultury zachodniej oraz chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego. Mimo to Artysta od wczesnej młodości żywo interesował się Kresami Rzeczypospolitej, a także kulturą artystyczną chrześcijaństwa wschodniego. Znajomość tej problematyki przyniosła Wyspiańskiemu indywidualna wycieczka do Lwowa i okolic, którą odbył w sierpniu 1887 roku. W dwa lata później, nieoczekiwanie i raczej przypadkowo, Artysta, wraz z Józefem Mehofferem, znalazł się w łemkowskiej wsi Królowa Ruska (dzisiaj Królowa Górna), gdzie w ciągu dwudniowego pobytu rysunkowo i opisowo zinwentaryzował siedemnastowieczne wyposażenie artystyczne wnętrza miejscowej cerkwi, ponadto odbył naradę z Łemkami oraz księdzem greckokatolickim na temat projektu nowego ikonostasu do świątyni. Drugi z pobytów Wyspiańskiego na Łemkowszczyźnie miał miejsce w lecie 1901 roku, kiedy to Artysta wraz z rodziną mieszkał przez pięć tygodni w łemkowskim Desznie, opodal Rymanowa-Zdroju, w nieistniejącym dziś domu dla kuracjuszy. Badania terenowe, które przeprowadził autor artykułu, pozwoliły nie tylko zweryfikować dotychczasowe domysły w kwestii miejsca, gdzie Wyspiańscy zamieszkiwali w 1901 roku, ale też zebrać przekonujący materiał faktograficzny, na podstawie którego można dziś o tych kwestiach wnioskować w sposób pewny.
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