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Prawo karne wobec środków odurzających i psychotropowych (z problematyki teorii kryminalizacji)

100%
Krajewski K.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
1995
|
issue XXI
41-79
EN
The present policy of all countries of the world  towards narcotic  and psychotropic drugs is in fact prohibitionIST. This means that all circulation of such drugs  ‒ their manufacture, transport, import, export, introduction into trade, giving,  and sometimes also possession – is illegal and carries most severe penal sanctions in some cases. It should be borne in mind, though, that this prohibition is ONLY about eighty years old now. Before, despite a large numer of addicts (not at all smaller than today according to some estimations), purely medical approach to such persons prevailed, and the drugs were subject only (if at all) to some administrative control and rationing at most. The drug prohibition emerged immediately after World War I, chiefly in United Stetes. As can be judged today, the criminalization of drugs and addicts introduced in those days was highly emotional. For this reason, by no means the harmfulness of narcotic and psychotropic drugs on both the individual and the social scale, one should consider the use and reasons of prohibitive policy from the viewpoint of today’s standards of rational criminalization. It is unquestionable that any social policy with respect to drugs should aim first and foremost at reduction of their consumption. The question remains, though, about the extent to which prohibition and penal law can actually serve towards this aim. Universal in the world of today as it is, the prohibitive approach to drugs assumes a variety of forms. There are different models of prohibition which base on different penal law regulations. They can be classified in two dimensions: restrictiveness vs. permissiveness, and repressiveness vs. treatment. Te first of the above dimensions pertains to the extent of criminalization; the other one – to treatment by the law of addicted offenders. Restrictive systems are those which provide for absolute prohibition with no exceptions whatever and ban all circulation of drugs, possession included. Instead, permissive systems provide for  an extent of decriminalization of that circulation, chiefly with respect to possession of drugs. Involved here is usually decriminalization, or even total depenalization of possession of specific amounts of drugs or drugs possessed for a specific purpose as e.g. own consumption. This depenalization can be introduced not only by substantive law but also by procedural provisions law. In this latter case, elements of expediency are introduced, offering the prosecutor or court the possibility to discontinue proceedings or to drop the charge. Repressive systems treat addicted offenders like all the other offenders, applying to them regular penal sanctions both for traditional criminal offenses (as e.g.. theft), and for the “prohibitive” ones (such as possession of drugs). Treatment-oriented systems, instead, reflect a belief as to futility of punishing addicts: within tchem, attempts are made at implementing a principle “tratment instead of punishment”. In most cases, this means that an addict can avoid penal sanction if he submits to withdrawal treatment. The actual application of such provisions on conditional stay of proceedings usually depends on the seriousness of the offense committed. It can be stated that most of today’s European legislations try more or less consistently to combine elements of permissiveness with the treatment orientation. Particularly useful in the analysis of the reason and sense of prohibition are specific economic notions and categories used successfully within so-called economic approach in criminology: demand and supply. Therefore, to what extent are prohibition and penal law capable of reducing the demand for narcotic and psychotropic drugs? First, the demand for those substances is created by a great variety of categories of individuals. The first such category are the consumers. This group, however, is by no means uniform as it consists of both addicted persons, occasional users, and experimenters. Another group which is of great importance in terms of the aims of prohibition are potential consumers, that is practically the whole of socjety if we take the extreme approach. Penal law can influence those groups through its instruments of special and general prevention. The possibilities of applying individual prevention to addicts or occasional users are minimal, though, which results from the very essence of addiction. It is a general opinion today that punishment cannot force an addict to give up his addiction. Only therapy can potentially be successful here; but – an extremely important issue – therapy to which a person submits voluntarily. Today’s spread of this opinion is expressed in the above-mentioned principle of “treatment instead of punishment”. It means that, the very principle of prohibition preserved, penal repression with respect to addicts is avoided. In this interpretation, the individual preventive action of punishment is reserved for the group of persons who experiment with drugs (as it would be simply impossible to criminalize a mere wish to take drugs). The question still remains, though, whether punishment as a form of shock therapy makes any sense here. The general preventive effect of penal law assumes the forms of either deterrence or so-called positive prevention. Deterrence is entirely out of the question in the case of addicted drug consumers due to the considerable rigidity of their demand. Yet deterrence is just as inefficient with respect to potential consumers. This is caused by a huge dark number of “prohibition”, resulting from their specific nature of offenses without no victims: the police encounter immense difficulties trying to disclose such acts. Most legislators try to make up for these weak points introducing severe statutory penalties. This is ineffective in the light of the long-discovered truth that it is rather inevitability than severity of punishment that determines the effectiveness of deterrence. A similar problem arises with respect to potential integrative function of penal law. The question is whether this kind of function – consisting in reinforcement of specific values with the aim to integrate a group – can really be performed by relatively seldom euforced provisions such as no doubt the penal law provisions designed to safeguard prohibition. What remains, therefore, is just the argument, classically used when discussing the problem of decriminalization, that this step might be interpreted as a consent to a specific behavior (here, the taking of drugs) which, in turn, might have disastrous consequences. In this interpretation, prohibition is the last outpost to curb completely unrestrained spread of drug addiction. Penal law's inability to exert any crucial influence on demand considered, it is assumed more and more often today that prohibition aims basically at reducing the supply of drugs. The application of penal law to this area  is justified to the extent that its addressees are not addicts but manufacturers, smugglers, dealers and other such persons most of whom are not drugs consumers themselves but only derive profit from the addiction of others. No doubt, penal law sometimes succeeds to eliminate such persons by means of incapacitation or deterrence.  Generally, though, there is a specific and important internal contradiction involved in prohibition: delegalization of drugs in a situation of continued demand makes the  provision of supply a most attractive activity since it yields immense profits. As a result, not even the most severe penalties can either deter those involved in this activity or prevent the recruitment of their successors, the less so as the risks they run are actually rather small for reasons that have been mentioned above. It might perhaps prove possible to eliminate all supply of drugs, but not without the use of universal terror. This option, however, is out of the question in a democratic state governed by the ruled by law. Therefore, are there any alternatives to prohibition? The answer seems to be yes. First and foremost, one should realize the crucial problem of today’s drug addiction is demand. Admittedly, the demand for drugs can be seen as a apecific cultural constant, something we have to put up with. One should bear in mind, however, the  attempts at influencing that phenomenon with constructive and creative rather than destructive methods. Quite obviously, this is an extremely difficult and entangled  task – as difficult and  entangled as any struggle against the couses and not just the synptoms of a social problem. It seems, however, that work on developing constructive strategies to fight the demand  for drugs is the basic challenge of modern civilization. Namely, if we manage to gain any influence over the couses that make so many young people of today reach for drugs – if we manage to cause a reduction of that demand – departure from prohibition and resumption of the purely medical  approach to drugs might perhaps become possible. For this reason, decriminalization or legalization of drugs should be seen today as a long-term strategic aim; before it can actually be achieved, prolonged preparations, experiments, small steps strategies, and chiefly efforts towards reduction of demand by methods other than  repression are necessary. I believe it would be too risky if we tried to run this operation straight away and to leave the matter to be regulated by nothing but the forces of the free market. Finally, the fact has to be borne in mind that decriminalization can only be sensible if it is done globally; this means that such decision require close international co-operation and co-ordination.
2

Zarys wzorca gatunkowego trip raportu

89%
Kaczmarz E.
Prace Językoznawcze
|
2016
|
issue 18/4
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wzorca gatunkowego trip raportu – tekstu zawierającego opis przeżyć po zażyciu środków odurzających, umieszczanego na specjalistycznych forach internetowych psychonautów. Analizie genologicznej poddano teksty z dwóch takich forów – Neurogroove oraz Forum Haszysz.com, aby opisać najważniejsze cechy gatunkowe trip raportu, wedle koncepcji Marii Wojtak, na którą składają się cztery aspekty: strukturalny, pragmatyczny, poznawczy i stylistyczny.
EN
The purpose of the analysis is to describe the genre model of the trip report - a type of the text in which a person describes their experiences after taking a psychoactive substance. Such accounts can be found on special Internet forums for psychonauts. In the article, a selection of texts from two such forums - Neurogroove.org and Haszysz.com - were taken under analysis in order to determine the most important features of the genre. The author employed Maria Wojtak's conception, in which four aspects - structural, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic ones - are considered.
3
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Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 3 grudnia 2014 r., II KK 219/14

89%
Mazurek-Wardak M., Wardak Z., Magdalena Mazurek-Wardak - Uniwersytet Łódzki W. P. i. A., Zbigniew Wardak - Uniwersytet Łódzki W. P. i. A., magdalencja01@outlook.com, zbigniew.wardak@gmail.com
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 76
PL
Artykuł stanowi glosę aprobującą do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 3 grudnia 2014 r., II KK 219/14. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na płynącą z tego wyroku konieczność ustalenia rzeczywistego wpływu środka odurzającego na sprawność psychomotoryczną kierowcy w razie popełnienia przestępstwa przeciwko bezpieczeństwu ruchu pod wpływem tego środka odurzającego. Autorzy proponują użycie testów służących do oceny upośledzenia psychomotorycznego u kierowców podejrzanych o użycie substancji działających podobnie do alkoholu.
EN
The article is an approving gloss on the resolution of the Supreme Court of December 3, 2014, Ref. No. II KK 219/14. The article particularly focuses on the need arising from this decision to establish the real impact of an intoxicant on a driver’s psychomotor performance in the event of their committing a crime against the traffic safety under the influence of this intoxicant. The authors propose using tests assessing psychomotor impairment in drivers suspected of using substances acting similarly to alcohol.
4
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Karalne posiadanie narkotyków w świetle Ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii

71%
Pilarczyk Ł.
Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
|
2015
|
issue 5
66-73
PL
Głównym założeniem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych wątpliwości związanych z wykładnią znamienia „posiadanie narkotyków” w ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii. Te wątpliwości są ciągle aktualne, mimo tego, że polski Sąd Najwyższy wydał liczne orzeczenia na ten temat. Zdaniem autora – w przeciwieństwie do opinii Sądu Najwyższego – to znamię winno być interpretowane w wąski sposób, zgodnie ze znaczeniem tego pojęcia w prawie cywilnym. Odmienna interpretacja może prowadzić do sprzeczności przy przeprowadzaniu wykładni innych pojęć z ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii.
EN
The main theme of the article is the presentation of basic doubts connected with the interpretation of the concept "possession of drugs" as used in the anti-drugs laws. These doubts still exist, despite the fact that the Polish Supreme Court have made many pronouncements on the subject. In opinion of author – in contrast to that of the Supreme Court – this 'stigma' should be interpreted in a more narrow way, in accordance with its meaning in civil law. A different interpretation can lead to contradictions in the interpretation of the other terms in the anti-drug laws.
5
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Red Fly Agaric (amanita muscaria) Consumption Among Members of Internet Discussion Groups

71%
Pięta-Chrystofiak M., Brohs D.
Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana
|
2023
|
vol. 26
|
issue 2
EN
Red fly agaric is one of the most recognizable species of mushrooms. Although the knowledge of its toxicity is common in Polish society, a rise in its recreational use has been observed in recent years. The aim of the study is to describe the phenomenon of fly agaric consumption and to characterize its enthusiasts in the context of individual and social conditions. The study was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire with questions about red fly agaric usage, issues related to mental health, and sociodemographic data. A total of 95 respondents were qualified for the research sample: 32 women, 60 men, and three people who declared a gender other than binary. They were divided into two groups: experimenters (OE) and regular red fly agaric users (OU). The frequency, form, dosage, and place of fly agaric consumption among the respondents was determined, as well as the circumstances of and sources for acquiring the substance. The subjects noted the effects-direct and long-term-of taking fly agaric. The results show that the use of psychoactive substances is constantly developing and that the changing trends make it necessary to reflect on the support system for people with addiction problems.
PL
Muchomor czerwony to jeden z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych gatunków grzybów i chociaż wiedza o jego toksyczności w polskim społeczeństwie jest powszechna, to w ostatnich latach obserwujemy zjawisko jego rekreacyjnego zażywania. Celem badania było dokonanie opisu tego zjawiska i scharakteryzowanie uczestników internetowych grup dyskusyjnych w kontekście indywidualnych i społecznych uwarunkowań używania tego grzyba. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone przy wykorzystaniu opracowanej na potrzeby badania ankiety, zawierającej pytania dotyczące: zjawiska zażywania muchomora czerwonego, kwestii związanych ze zdrowiem psychicznym oraz danych socjodemograficznych respondentów. Do próby badawczej zakwalifikowano 95 osób: 32 kobiety, 60 mężczyzn oraz trzy osoby, które zadeklarowały inną płeć. Zostały one przydzielone do dwóch grup: osób eksperymentujących (OE) i osób używających muchomora czerwonego regularnie (OU). Zebrane dane pozwoliły określić z jaką częstotliwością, w jakiej formie i dawkach oraz w jakich okolicznościach przyjmują i z jakich źródeł pozyskują go badani. Ustalono jakie efekty zażywania, bezpośrednie i długotrwałe, obserwują u siebie badani. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że stosowanie substancji psychoaktywnych jest stale rozwijającym się zjawiskiem, a zmieniające się w nim trendy stwarzają konieczność podjęcia refleksji nad systemem wsparcia dla osób z problemem uzależnienia.
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