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EN
The subject of the article is the issue of spiritual direction in the life and activity of St. John Bosco. The first part discusses the experience of spiritual guidance received by John Bosco in his childhood. Deprived of paternal protection at the age of two, Don Bosco was himself in need of wise mentors and masters in order to become later a spiritual guide for his own pupils. Next, the article points out the specifics of Don Bosco’s spiritual direction offered to the youth of the oratory. The specific character of his methods stemmed up primarily from the type of his own spirituality as well as personal experience and moral exemplars followed by the Saint. The last part of this publication presents selected forms of Don Bosco’s spiritual direction, both at the sacramental and extra sacramental level.
EN
In reflection dedicated to the relations between theological arguments and parenesis in St. Paul’s epistolarium, there is a general agreement as to the fact that ethical exhortations are usually motivated by the doctrinal passages of the letters of the Apostle Paul, or, that they are woven into the argumentative substance of a given letter. Without denying this fact, it seems that the relationship between the two parts of the letters can be described in a different way. Namely, due to the fact that their doctrinal part presents the image of Christ and His work of salvation, we can characterize soteriology as iconic. This is possible because its agens is itself an icon. In other words, Paul’s Christology is iconic because Christ is the ‘image of God’ and, consequently, His work present in the cross, the sign of salvation, is also iconic. Soteriology remains related to the ethical part of the letters and, because St. Paul in different ways encourages his recipients to follow and to be like Christ, it will be justified to define his parenesis as mimetic.
PL
Św. Wincenty à Paulo odkrył w sobie powołanie do ewangelizacji biednych, ale uświadamiał sobie też potrzebę poważnej pracy nad duchowością duchowieństwa, by w ten sposób dało odpowiedź na swoje powołanie i współpracowało przy odnowie Kościoła Bożego. W niniejszym artykule chcę przedstawić kolejny szkic o Wincentym à Paulo jako formatorze duchowieństwa, co zwykle pozostaje w cieniu, gdyż św. Wincenty wszedł wcześniej do historii jako wielki organizator i realizator dzieła miłosierdzia we Francji w XVII wieku oraz jako patron ubogich. Korzystałem wyłącznie z hiszpańskich źródeł i chcę przedstawić świętego jako człowieka zaangażowanego w dzieło reformy duchowieństwa, która miała wpływ nie tylko na Kościół w XVII-wiecznej Francji, ale także na wiele pokoleń księży w Europie, aż do dziś, na całym świecie, gdzie misjonarze św. Wincentego poświęcają się pracy budowania kleru diecezjalnego.
EN
This essay intends to highlight a specific trait of St. Vincent as the clergy formator. This characteristic is often downplayed and unnoticed, for Vincent is primarily known throughout history as the founder of charity works and is generally invoked as the patron of the poor. I draw exclusively on Spanish sources and my intention is to present Vincent as a man fully plunged in the work of clergy reform that bore fruit not only for the church in France in the 17th century but for many generations of priests in many parts of the world where the missionaries of st. Vincent still toil in the clergy formation today.
PL
Hieronim ze Strydonu podejmuje się obrony dziewictwa NMP ze względu na Jezusa Chrystusa. Za najdoskonalszy sposób naśladowania Zbawiciela uznaje życie ascetyczne, prowadzone w warunkach pustyni. W ramach takiej formy realizacji chrześcijańskiego powołania – według Hieronima – znajduje się przede wszystkim dziewictwo, o czym świadczy treść jego pism. W jednym z nich, skierowanym przeciw Helwidiuszowi, broni dziewictwa NMP, w jego przekonaniu doskonale realizującej ten ideał chrześcijańskiego życia. Obrona i zarazem apologia dziewictwa, a w związku z tym także cześć oddawana Matce Jezusa, pozwalają zapoznać się z umiejętnościami lingwistycznymi i egzegetycznymi Hieronima, a przede wszystkim jego znajomością Pisma Świętego, oraz z najczęściej podejmowanymi w tym czasie kwestiami teologicznymi, do których należą, momentami dość burzliwe, spory na temat dziewictwa NMP.
EN
Hieronimus of Strydon takes on the defence of the virginity of Virgin Mary because of Jesus Christ. He recognizes ascetic life run in the desert conditions as the most perfect way of imitating our Saviour. According to Hieronymus, in this way of implementation of Christian vocation most important thing is virginity. He wrote on this in his works. In one of his writtings, aimed against Helvidius, he defends the virginity of Virgin Mary. He believes that she implements this ideal of Christian life in a perfect way. The defence and the same time an apology of Christianity, which means also veneration of the Mother of Jesus, allow us to learn of his linguistic, exegetic skills and mostly of his knowledge of the Bible. Apart from that the most frequently undertaken theological questions are, sometimes quite turbulent, arguments on the virginity of Virgin Mary.
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