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Okrągły stół. Czy było warto?

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EN
In 1989 Realists were on both sides of the political contention. Realists from the Communist party thought it was necessary to make changes that would prevent the outbreak of social discontent. They also wanted to partly shift the responsibility for the condition of the state onto the opposition. Realists from the Solidarity camp thought the offer of the Communist was acceptable, and that the Solidarity should wait for further developments strengthening itself. Each group had to overcome its inner opponents and eventually a concept of the compromise prevailed. It saved the first group from bearing consequences for the times of dictatorship, and allowed the second group to build up a sovereign, democratic state. However, the victory of the latter turned out to be illusory as Communists settled down within democratic structures, infesting them with pathologies of the their system: corruption, bribery, impunity of secret services, dependency of courts and ideological deviations.
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Realizm polityczny "Tygodnika Powszechnego" (1945-1989)

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In the history of „Tygodnik Powszechny” under the administration of the communist government, I distinguish four periods – each one characterized by a different attitude of its environment to communism. The first one (1945‑1948) was dominated by the aim to create an ideological alternative towards the new power; the second one (1949‑1953) in which the goal of survival, in the face of communism’s inevitable victory, prevailed; the third one (1956/7-1976), characterized by willingness to cohabitate and limited collaboration; and the fourth one (1977‑1989), which saw the exit from People’s Republic of Poland communist system. Glancing on this history through the prism of political realism, one can establish, that „Tygodnik” disregarded its guidelines in the first period (1945‑1948), tried to fulfill them – in a very original way nonetheless – in the second period (1949‑1953), and finally became its eulogist, having created its own doctrine of catholic political realism in the actuality of a communist state, in the third one (1956/7‑1976). The fourth period (1977‑1989), however, is difficult to classify in this aspect.
EN
The article is dedicated to the poetry of Jacek Kaczmarski, best known for his protest songs and often referred to as “the bard of Solidarity”. But he is a more versatile artist than he appears to be in the political songs for which he is chiefly recognized. Kaczmarski often featured children in his poetry for adult audience. The figure of the child in his poems can represent different meanings and belongs to different contexts: politics (the dominant one), family life (the source of strong emotions and noble lyricism), and philosophy (the antinomy between youth and old age as an ongoing interaction that connects spontaneity and wisdom).
EN
This paper is a confrontation of the statements made by eminent Polish Professor of Law, Adam Strzembosz, in the interview published in the form of a book Między prawem i sprawiedliwością, with the views presented in the legal, historical, and sociological literature. I describe the ways judicial independence was limited in Communist Poland, and the strategies judges undertook to counteract that phenomenon. Special emphasis is put on the attitude of the “Solidarity” movement towards this problem and the judge’s behavior under Martial Law. In conclusion, I try to prove that the post-totalitarian trauma in Polish judiciary provoked an “over-sensitivity” in regard to the judicial independence.
EN
The “Solidarity” movement, especially in the first period of its activity, that is, in the years 1980-1981, instigated numerous myths. Polish cinema contributed immensely to their creation and proliferation. The most important among those myths were: the myth of solidarity between all working people, the myth of solidarity between the genders, and – perhaps the most lasting of all – the myth of the alliance between workers and intellectuals. All these forms of solidarity really existed for a short period of time in 1980/1981, but each of them collapsed afterwards. Consequently, one can say that they bore the marks of beautiful utopias which in the long run were doomed to failure.
PL
Ruch „Solidarności”, zwłaszcza w pierwszym okresie jego działalności (1980-1981), dostarczył wielu mitów, w rozpowszechnianiu których aktywnie uczestniczyło polskie kino. Najważniejsze z nich to mit solidarności wszystkich ludzi pracy, mit solidarności ponad podziałami płciowymi, a także może najtrwalszy z nich wszystkich mit sojuszu robotników z inteligentami. Każda z tych form solidarności rzeczywiście istniała w krótkim okresie „pierwszej Solidarności”, każda załamała się w okresie późniejszym. W tym sensie wszystkie nosiły znamiona pięknych utopii, które na dłuższą metę musiały przegrać z realiami życia.
PL
W artykule zestawione zostały dwie książki, będące próbą rozliczenia się polskiego środowiska literackiego ze stalinizmem: Rachunek pamięci pod redakcją Władysława Bieńkowskiego, Heleny Boguszewskiej, Pawła Jasienicy i Jerzego Kornackiego oraz Hańba domowa Jacka Trznadla. W tekście przedstawiono okoliczności powstania obu prac i ich recepcję. Przeanalizowano zamieszczone w nich wypowiedzi pisarzy pod kątem oceny literatury w czasach stalinowskich i ówczesnej atmosfery w środowisku literackim, stosunku do rozliczenia oraz czynników, które decydowały o poparciu dużej części środowiska dla ustroju komunistycznego w tym okresie.
EN
The article compares two books being an attempt of the Polish literary community to settle with Stalinism: Rachunek pamięci (An Examination of Remembrance) under the joint scientific editorship of Władysław Bieńkowski, Helena Boguszewska, Paweł Jasienica, and Jerzy Kornacki; and Jacek Trznadel’s Hańba domowa (Home Disgrace). The study presents the circumstances of the creation of these two books and their reception, together with an analysis of the statements and opinions of writers contained in the text in terms of assessing literature in Stalinist times and the atmosphere in the literary milieu at the time, their attitude to settling accounts with the past and to the factors that determined the support of a large part of the community for the communist system in the period.
EN
This article discusses a study of the present vicissitudes of men and women who were active in the underground publishing movement in the nineteen-eighties. One of the elements of the underground “Solidarity” ideology was civic responsibility and social activity. The author wanted to know whether the one-time conspirators have carried these ideas into free Poland.Hefound that very few former underground activists now work in public institutions. They are disappointed with the outcomes of the transformation which, rather than giving them a sense of agency, are convincing them that former members of the democratic opposition have not been instrumental to the successful development of a new, democratic state. The one-time activists are also finding it difficult to come to terms with the social costs of the reforms which they feel they co-authored. Most of them have not ceased to be socially active, however, although they no longer speak the language of civic involvement. They feel that the values they lived by in the years of struggle with the communist regime cannot be applied in any way to the political reality of a free country.
EN
In the initial part of the paper, the history of trade unions in the Polish theatre has been outlined. Also, the situation in the theatre environment in the second half of the 1970s has been presented. In that time, the first symptoms of the conflicts, which later influenced the activity of the theatre section of “Solidarity”, appeared. Actors participated in the “Solidarity” movement since the very beginning. They took part in strikes in the coastal cities Gdańsk and Gdynia in August 1980, after which Committees of the new trade unions were established in most theatres in Poland. A need for coordination of the Committees appeared, and therefore, on the 10 November 1980, the theatre section of “Solidarity” was established. It dealt with the following issues: conditions of employment, theatre education reform, theatre’s self-government, work on Saturdays, and the theatre reform. However, its actions proved to be a failure, whose main reason was the split inside the section caused by the conflict between one part of the theatre “Solidarity” with the SPATiF (Association of Polish Theatre and Film Artists) authorities. A description of the mentioned conflict forms an essential part of the present paper.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje proces formowania się i działalność Krajowej Komisji Porozumiewawczej NSZZ Solidarność Pracowników Teatru. Jej dzieje zostały przedstawione na tle historii związków zawodowych w teatrze polskim. Ważnym epizodem w historii sekcji jest jej konflikt z władzami SPATiF oraz powstały w jego wyniku rozłam.
EN
Bronisław Geremek was one of the architects of the main political changes in Poland and Middle Europe. He contributed to the peaceful democratic changes and implementing the socio-political democratic rules of cooperation to the Polish society. Manifesting the active attitude was in his opinion a duty, which resulted from the Polish intelligence tradition, but it was also connected with his own experience - he treated political activity as first and foremost service to the people in the name of the values timeless for the collective. This outline is a presentation of political reflection fundaments of Bronisław Geremek, based mainly on the press interviews conducted between 1988-2008.
PL
Artykuł opisuje sytuację panującą wewnątrz powiatowej i miejskiej struktury PZPR w Pruszczu Gdańskim w trzech przełomowych momentach historii PRL: Październiku ’56, Grudniu ’70 i Sierpniu ’80. Stanowi też próbę znalezienia cech wspólnych dla reakcji lokalnych władz partyjnych na kolejne wybuchy społecznego niezadowolenia i w mikroskali ukazuje przebieg tzw. polskich miesięcy w niewielkim mieście powiatowym, funkcjonującym w cieniu trójmiejskiej aglomeracji. Z racji bliskości Trójmiasta mieszkańcy Pruszcza Gdańskiego byli często świadkami rozgrywającej się tu wielkiej historii. Wielu z nich pracowało w trójmiejskich zakładach lub uczyło się w tamtejszych szkołach i uczelniach. Tym samym toczące się w Trójmieście dramatyczne wydarzenia historyczne bezpośrednio rzutowały na ich życie. Artykuł oparty jest na fragmentach wydanej w końcu 2016 r. książki Pruszcz Gdański w latach 1945–1990. Partia, bezpieka, „Solidarność”, której autorami są Piotr Brzeziński, Arkadiusz Kazański i Marcin Węgliński.
EN
The article describes the situation within the county and urban structures of the Party in Pruszcz Gdański at the three turning points of the history of the Polish People’s Republic: October ’56, December ’70, and August ’80. It is also an attempt at finding common traits within the local Party authorities’ responses to the subsequent outbreaks of social dissent and on a small scale, the course of the so-called Polish Months in a small provincial town living in the shadow of the Tri-City Agglomeration. Due to the proximity of the Tri-City, the residents of Pruszcz Gdański often witnessed the grand history that happened there. Many of them worked in factories or attended schools or universities that were located in Gdańsk, Gdynia, or Sopot. Thus, the dramatic historical events that took place in the Tri-City directly affected their lives. The article is based on fragments of Pruszcz Gdański w latach 1945–1990. Partia, bezpieka, „Solidarność” by Piotr Brzeziński, Arkadiusz Kazański, Marcin Węgliński, which was published in late 2016.
PL
W polskiej historiografii stan wojenny stanowi ciągle zagadnienie budzące wiele kontrowersji. Wydaje się też, iż nawet powiększający się dystans czasowy oraz psychologiczny nie ułatwia wypracowania jednoznacznej i obiektywnej oceny dramatycznych wydarzeń z lat 1981–1983. Na ową dyferencjację prezentowanych opinii duży wpływ mają bieżące trendy poprawności politycznej oraz niedostępność stale jeszcze utajnionych dokumentów z archiwów polskich i rosyjskich. Próba dokonania rzetelnej i wieloaspektowej oceny stanu wojennego nie może obyć się bez analizy napiętej sytuacji społeczno-politycznej oraz trudnego położenia gospodarczo-ekonomicznego Polski na przełomie lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych. Konieczne jest również uwzględnienie ważnego czynnika, jaki stanowiła założona w 1980 roku „Solidarność” – pierwszy powojenny masowy ruchu opozycyjny, zakorzeniony silnie na podłożu przesłanek chrześcijańskich. Z tego zaś punktu wychodząc, nie da się pominąć roli, jaką odegrał w okresie stanu wojennego polski Kościół katolicki, bowiem to właśnie w ramach struktur kościelnych – wobec zawieszenia działalności niemal wszystkich organizacji społecznych – udzielane było materialne, prawne i duchowe wsparcie dla ofiar represji oraz ich rodzin. Zaś postawa hierarchów oraz licznych przedstawicieli duchowieństwa (np. prymasa Glempa, abpa Dąbrowskiego, ks. Popiełuszki czy ks. Jancarza) dobitnie świadczyła o zdecydowanym potępieniu mających wówczas miejsce licznych przypadków łamania prawa, a w szczególności – aresztowań oraz internowania działaczy „Solidarności”. Rozważania powyższe – jakkolwiek ciągle niedoskonałe i zapewne przedwczesne – pozwalają wysnuć przypuszczenie, iż wydarzenia lat 1981–1983 wywołane były raczej brakiem autorytetu władz oraz podstawowych wolności społecznych aniżeli niedostatecznym zaopatrzeniem w artykuły żywnościowe, kryzysem ekonomicznym czy groźbą zbrojnej interwencji ze Wschodu. Kościół katolicki stanął w tej sytuacji w obronie praw człowieka i godności ludzkiej, czerpiąc siłę między innymi z nauczania i postawy Jana Pawła II.
EN
In Polish historiography the martial law period is still an issue that causes a lot of controversy. It also seems that even growing period of time and psychological distance do not automatically facilitate developing clear and objective assessment of the dramatic events of the years 1981–1983. The difference between presented opinions is strongly influenced by current trends of political correctness as well as inaccessibility of classified documents still kept in the Polish and Russian archives. An attempt to conduct a thorough and multifaceted evaluation of the martial law period seems impossible without analysing tense sociopolitical situation as well as difficult economic situation of Poland at the end of 1970s and the beginning of 1980s. It is also necessary to take into account an important factor – the Solidarity movement that was founded in 1980. It was the first post-war mass opposition movement, rooted firmly on the ground of Christian ideas. Thus, it seems impossible to ignore the role of the Polish Catholic Church during the period of the martial law. It was within the framework of the Church structures – due to suspension of almost every social organization – that the victims of repression and their families were granted physical, legal, and spiritual support. The attitude presented by the hierarchy and numerous representatives of the clergy (e.g. Primate J. Glemp, Archbishop B. Dąbrowski, Fr. J. Popiełuszko or Fr. K. Jancarz) clearly proved that numerous cases of violating the law, in particular arresting and detaining the members of the Solidarity movement, were strongly condemned. The ideas and conclusions presented in the article, although still imperfect and probably premature, enable the reader to assume that the events of 1981–1983 were caused by the lack of both authority of the government as well as fundamental social freedom rather than insufficient supply of food, economic crisis or a threat of a military intervention from the East. In those times and during those conditions the Catholic Church stood in the defence of human rights and human dignity, inter alia, drawing strength from the teachings and the attitude of John Paul II.
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