Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 5

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  2
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Zakres władzy prezydenta

100%
EN
The article deals with the problem of the President’s power analysed in two dimensions. First traditional conceptions of the presidency in Polish democratic constitutions (the Constitution of 1921, the Constitution of 1992 termed ‘Small Constitution’, and the Constitution of 1997) were examined to determine how in the generally accepted parliamentary system of government the position of the head of state was shaped. This analysis took into account the decision of 1990 to hold direct universal presidential elections. Then, and this was the main focus of the analysis, all the constitutional channels through which the President can influence the legislative and executive decisions of the state were analysed. Contrary to the belief that the President’s power is limited, the findings of the study conducted do not lead to such a conclusion. On the contrary, the president’s activity may manifest itself in balancing power, arbitration, consultation, cooperation, compliance with the law (this is compulsory), initiative, etc. The Constitution does not contain any rigid provisions in this respect: the President may also accept a more passive attitude, one of a mere observant if he considers that his intervention is not necessary. Such an approach will also constitute a form of monitoring of the country’s affairs.
PL
W artykule podejmuje się problem zakresu władzy prezydenta na dwu płaszczyznach. Z jednej – wstępnie – na płaszczyźnie tradycyjnych koncepcji prezydentury w polskich demokratycznych konstytucjach (Konstytucji z 1921, tzw. Malej Konstytucji z 1992 oraz Konstytucji RP z 1997). Analiza pokazuje, jak na gruncie generalnie przyjętego parlamentarnego systemu rządów kształtowano pozycję głowy państwa, uwzględniając decyzję z 1990 r. o powszechnych bezpośrednich wyborach prezydenta. Z drugiej strony – i na tym problemie analiza się głównie koncentruje – poddano oglądowi wszystkie konstytucyjne kanały, którymi prezydent może wpływać na decyzje ustawodawcze i wykonawcze państwa. Wbrew pewnemu przekonaniu, że te możliwości prezydenta są niewielkie, ich podsumowanie nie prowadzi do takiego wniosku. Przeciwnie, aktywność prezydenta może się przejawiać w zakresie równoważenia władz, arbitrażu, konsultacji, współdziałaniu, przestrzeganiu prawa (to nawet obowiązkowo), inicjatywy itd. Ale Konstytucja jest elastyczna i nie wymaga wszystkiego: prezydent może też godzić się na bardziej bierną postawę, tylko obserwującą, jeśli uzna, że jego interwencja nie jest niezbędna. To będzie też swoisty rodzaj czuwania nad sprawami państwa.
EN
Permutation Art as a Form of Resistance in Experimental Cinema This study aims to present two examples of permutation films as forms through which experimental cinema resisted the reality of the 1970s. The analysis is based on two works by members of the Workshop of the Film Form: “1, 2, 3... Cinematographers Exercise” by Paweł Kwiek and “Apnoea” by Wojciech Bruszewski. Analysis and comparison of the two oeuvres is performed with the use of methods characteristic for these types of cinematic forms. This work also discusses the idea and historical context of permutation art and presents its relationship with particular current activities in the field of art.
Verbum Vitae
|
2004
|
vol. 5
145-169
PL
In the tradition of the allegorical interpretation of the Song of Songs the Bridegroom of the Song of Songs represents Christ, meanwhile the bride represents the Church. The verse 8,2 shows us the Bride satiating the thirst of the Bridegroom. In the article we tried to analyze and reflect on the commentaries of the Fathers of the Church and medieval writers to this verse in connection with the charisma of Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity centered on the mystery of Jesus' "I thirst" on the cross. The main streams ofthe Christian tradition interpreted the spiced vine in connection with the love of God and the juice of pomegranates in connection with martyrdom.
Verbum Vitae
|
2011
|
vol. 20
139-169
EN
The household codes in which we find the advices given to fathers are the exegetes’ focus of attention since the time of Reformation. From this period on, on the basis of various criteria, one tried to define the genre of household codes and set them apart as a separate body in the New Testament literature. Following the particular topic which regards the exhortations addressed to pater familias, we analyzed two fragments contained respectively in the Letter to Colossians and in the Letter to Ephesians. To grasp the specificity of these instructions, embedded in an easily traceable and repeating scheme, one should start with finding the common characteristics of the said paraenetic texts. The analyses showed that a common factor is a universal rule based on the two mutually complementing elements: subordination and reciprocity having their source in the Wisdom literature of the Old Testament and the commandment of love. Having in mind the above mentioned rule and the Hellenistic culture in which the addressees of the instructions lived, we examined the command given in the Letter to Colossians. It constitutes a point of departure for the expanded, catechismal instructions contained in the Letter to Ephesians.
PL
The household codes in which we find the advices given to fathers are the exegetes’ focus of attention since the time of Reformation. From this period on, on the basis of various criteria, one tried to define the genre of household codes and set them apart as a separate body in the New Testament literature. Following the particular topic which regards the exhortations addressed to pater familias, we analyzed two fragments contained respectively in the Letter to Colossians and in the Letter to Ephesians. To grasp the specificity of these instructions, embedded in an easily traceable and repeating scheme, one should start with finding the common characteristics of the said paraenetic texts. The analyses showed that a common factor is a universal rule based on the two mutually complementing elements: subordination and reciprocity having their source in the Wisdom literature of the Old Testament and the commandment of love. Having in mind the above mentioned rule and the Hellenistic culture in which the addressees of the instructions lived, we examined the command given in the Letter to Colossians. It constitutes a point of departure for the expanded, catechismal instructions contained in the Letter to Ephesians.
PL
W wyniku przeprowadzonej przez Armię Czerwoną ofensywy zimą 1945 r. w Prusach Wschodnich, setki tysięcy Niemców znalazło się w okrążeniu. Rozpoczęła się wówczas chaotyczna ewakuacja wojska i cywilów, głównie drogą morską. W jej trakcie zginęły tysiące uciekinierów. Dramatyczny los spotkał niemiecką ludność cywilną, która dostała się w ręce czerwonoarmistów. W zajmowanych miastach i wioskach żołnierze radzieccy dopuszczali się indywidualnych i zbiorowych zbrodni na cywilach. Ofiarami gwałtów i morderstw padło wiele kobiet. Wśród ofiar bestialstwa żołnierzy radzieckich były również siostry zakonne ze Zgromadzenia Sióstr św. Katarzyny Dziewicy i Męczennicy. Śmierć niektórych z nich miała znamiona męczeństwa za wiarę.
EN
As a result of the Red Army offensive in winter 1945 in the East Prussia, hundreds of thousands of Germans found themselves in a lap. A chaotic evacuation of troops and civilians began then, mostly by sea. In the course of the evacuation, where thousands of refugees were killed. A dramatic fate happened to the German civilians who got into the hands of the Red Army. In the occupied towns and villages, the Soviet soldiers committed individual and collective crimes against civilians. As victims of rapes and murders fell many women. Among the victims of the rapes and murders of Soviet soldiers were also sisters of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Catherine Virgin and Martyr. The death of some of them may be treated as signs of martyrdom for the faith.
DE
Infolge der im Winter 1945 von der Roten Armee durchgeführten Offensive in Ostpreußen wurden Hundertausende Deutsche umzingelt. Danach begann eine chaotische Evakuierung der Soldaten und Zivilbevölkerung, die in erster Linie auf dem Seeweg durchgeführt wurde und während derer tausende Flüchtlinge ums Leben kamen. Ein tragisches Schicksal erlitt die deutsche Zivilbevölkerung, die den Rotarmisten in die Hand fiel. In besetzten Städten und Dörfern verübten sowjetische Soldaten individuelle sowie Massengräueltaten an der Zivilbevölkerung. Viele Frauen wurden zum Opfer von Vergewaltigungen und Morden. Unter den Opfern der Bestialität von sowjetischen Soldaten befinden sich auch Nonnen aus der Kongregation der Schwestern von der hl. Jungfrau und Märtyrerin Katharina. Der Tod von manchen Ordensschwestern trug Merkmale des Glaubensmartyriums.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.