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1

ECONOMIC AND MARKET CONDITIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SECTOR OF INDIVIDUAL FARMS

100%
Goraj L.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 4(129)
31-40
EN
During the period of transformation of Poland's economic system an essential change occurred in the level of economic equilibrium in agriculture. Consequently, the rules of the market economy implemented in the fragmented farming sector sharply revealed all the negative effects of the failure to prepare that sector for competition. The situation led to a dramatic income incapacity of the majority of farms. In addition, a considerable number of farms was eliminated from the market.The data on the incomes of farms in 2004 indicate that the greater part of farms failed to achieve the level of income per head equal to remuneration received by the average full-time worker. A comparison of the relation of agricultural net income expressed as a payment received by a person doing a full-time work on a farm with the average net pay in the national economy in 2004 shows that 16 ESU constituted the limit for farms providing pay for work at parity level. The hopes for an improvement in the economic situation of Polish farmers were and are connected with Poland's integration with the European Union and assistance programmes offered within the Common Agricultural Policy. However, the actual effects of that assistance will largely depend on the ability of the farms to absorb the available means.The data from FADN covering the last few years suggest that the economic condition of farms producing goods for the market which operate in the European Union depends not only on the economic effectiveness of production but also on their ability to absorb means offered them owing to the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy.In the programming and implementation of a rational agricultural policy it is necessary to precisely define the beneficiaries of various assistance programmes and this creates an urgent need to formulate a precise definition of a farm.
2

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL INCOMES IN THE 'OLD' EU (Dlugofalowe tendencje zmian dochodow rolniczych w 'starej' Unii)

80%
Bryla P.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2010
|
issue 3(148)
118-134
EN
The aim of the paper is to present methodological problems linked with distinguishing long-term trends in agricultural incomes, and selected results of empirical research concerning this phenomenon in the European Union in the shape before the eastern enlargement. According to the European Commission's guidelines, income is defined as a maximum amount of money that can be consumed by a beneficiary in a given period of time without diminishing the volume of a beneficiary's assets. The paper analyses the three basic aggregates of agricultural income: net value added, net operating surplus and net entrepreneurial income. It also describes the impact of the existence of various production structures on the methodology of estimating agricultural income. The empirical part of the paper presents the evolution of agricultural incomes in EU-15 and in the principal member-states (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands) during 15-35 years, depending on the availability of source data. The following indices are used: real income of production factors in agriculture per annual work unit, real net entrepreneurial income in agriculture per unpaid annual work unit, and net entrepreneurial income in agriculture. A slightly growing long-term dynamics of agricultural income in the EU was observed, with significant fluctuations and temporary falls recorded in some member- states. There is a shortage of reliable data on the income situation of farming families, which could be used in comparisons with other socio-economic groups. The use of various definitions of a farmer and of an agricultural holding across the member-states renders difficult international comparisons of agricultural income.
3
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YIELD INSURANCE SCHEMES IN POLAND - ANALYSIS BASED ON VALUE-VARIANCE APPROACH (Ubezpieczenia produkcji rolniczej - analiza z zastosowaniem modelu opartego na sredniej i wariancji)

80%
Sulewski P.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2011
|
issue 3(328)
59-77
EN
In the paper the impact of yield insurance on farm net income and revenue volatility were investigated. The analyses were based on expected value-variance approach. In the first phase of the study a stochastic simulation was conducted in order to compute means and variances of revenues assuming scenario with and without insurance scheme. In the second phase, results obtained in the first step were incorporated into whole-farm non-linear programming model which optimized structure of crop production. The results indicate that under present legal regulations yield insurance schemes are not very attractive method of risk reduction from farmer's point of view. The main problem seems to be too high insurance premium in comparison to its level accepted by farmers. Moreover, attractiveness of insurance schemes seems to be reduced by direct payments system due to its positive impact on income stabilization.
4
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POLISH FARMS IN THE FIRST YEARS OF EU MEMBERSHIP

80%
Jozwiak W., Mirkowska Z.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2008
|
issue 2(315)
19-32
EN
On the basis of literature, the paper describes changes observed in Polish agriculture in the year 2004 and several following years, on the background of previous years' situation. On the grounds of the above, eight thesis have been formulated: on doubling agricultural income, on years needed for re-establishing economical balance disturbed by change of conditions, on increase of property size and modernization on farms of 16 and more ESU, on low profitability of equity capital in farms basing on high labour input and high capital resources, on growing range of agricultural producers who couple farm income with other incomes, on permanent deficit of part of farms of at least 100 hectares of croplands - in effect of legal regulations, incorrect definition for areas of disadvantageous farming conditions and high competitive potential of Polish farms in comparison to chosen UE countries. The above thesis require to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of analysis carried out in a longer time period (e.g. years 2005-2007) after Poland's accession to European Union.
5
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CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN THE CONDITIONS OF POLAND'S ACCESSION TO THE EU (Zmiany w wolumenie produkcji i dochodów rolniczych w warunkach akcesji Polski do UE)

80%
Poczta W., Czubak W., Pawlak K.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2009
|
issue 4(321)
40-52
EN
Poland's accession to the European Union was connected with the acceptance of new conditions for the functioning of agriculture. While the incorporation of producers into the Single European Market and the adoption of Common Agricultural Policy principles were associated with hopes for the acceleration of transformation in agriculture. Since agriculture is first of all a real sphere of economy, it has been required to assess the effect of the integration process on production and economic results. Research results show that integration with the EU had an effect on an increase in the volume of agricultural output. With the moment of accession an increment of agricultural entrepreneurial income was observed, which doubled (in terms of constant prices). This effect was to a considerable degree caused by an increase in the subsidies. Static (comparative) analysis confirms a defective agrarian structure. A consequence of high labour resources in Polish agriculture, considerable land resources and low capital outlays in relation to the relatively low production output is the low productivity of land and labour resources.
6

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S INTEGRATION ON THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF POLISH AGRICULTURE DURING THE FIRST FEW YEARS AFTER ACCESSION

80%
Poczta. W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 2(123)
239-253
EN
The main attempt of this article was to present how the Polish integration wit EU may affect Polish agriculture during the first few years after accession. The subjects of the analysis were measurable factors, e.g., the results of negotiation, and the factors which were not negotiated but will appear as a result of the EU enlargment. The level of quotas and para-quotas, changes in the input and output prices, reduction of domestic support, chosen instruments of the first and second pillars of the CAP and structural funds were assessed. Agriculture's position was analysed from the perspective of agriculture as a sector as well as from the individual enterprises' point of view. The analyses allow stating that integrated operation of the assessed factors should cause an income increase of the sector and majority of the farms. A high increase of relative income is estimated. However the increase in absolute numbers will not be large enough to allow radically change the common economic and social situation of the Polish rural population. Nevertheless, good usage of negotiated support instruments depending on institutional preparation may create favourable conditions for a fundamental improvement of socio-economical situation of the Polish agriculture and rural areas.
7
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INCOME PARITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SEMI-SUBSISTENCE FARMS (Gospodarstwa niskotowarowe a parytet dochodowy i efektywnosc funkcjonowania)

80%
Sulewski P.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2011
|
issue 2(327)
41-58
EN
Semi-subsistence farms are still numerous in Poland, but it is impossible to determine their specific number. Their role in the market production is not very significant, but they cover quite a large area of agricultural land, as they played a role of the social buffer. The sample of 175 semi-subsistence farms was divided into two sub-groups according to the level of net agricultural income per one person employed on a full-time basis. The threshold for the division was the salary in non-agricultural sectors. The analysis showed that less than one third of farms achieved income parity. Logistic regression allowed to evaluate the probability of the shift to the 'parity' group. The results revealed that the only statistically significant variables determining the classification into the 'parity' group included agricultural land area (positive income), the share of agricultural income in disposable income (positive impact), number of family members (positive income) and number of persons employed full-time on the farm (strong negative impact).
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