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1

CHANGES IN MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY DURING THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF POLAND'S MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

100%

Kowalski A.

Wieś i Rolnictwo

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2004

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issue 2(123)

223-238

EN

Poland's accession to the European Union creates opportunities for acceleration of the modernisation process of Polish agriculture. According to the world experiences, agricultural development is still less related to the endogenous conditions of the sector, but depends more and more strongly on agricultural and first of all on macroeconomic policies. Tendencies for growth occurring in the entire economy are the most important factor of competitiveness of the food sector. The satisfactory results achieved in the macro-scale influence farming and its environment. Transfers of the EU resources will be extremely important in order to overcome the development barriers. However, the outlook for acceleration of the economic growth in Poland is threatened, among other things, by difficult situation on the labour market, deep inequilibrium of the public finances and the low level of domestic savings. They may prove not to be sufficient for financing the necessary investments in the period of faster economic growth. The membership of Poland in the European Union also means fundamental changes in both the scale and the system of financing agriculture. Nearly a half of the total EU budget is spent for carrying out the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Taking over by Poland of the CAP rules under the conditions agreed in Copenhagen will bring about an increase in both the scale and the scope of subsidies available for the food producers.

2

Kierunki rozwoju szwajcarskiego rolnictwa

80%

Pfefferli S.

Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej

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2011

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issue 1(326)

27-45

EN

The study presents changes that the Swiss agriculture underwent between 1980 and 2007. It also discusses factors affecting the changes in the farms organisation, identifying two groups of such factors: internal and external. As regards external factors, special attention is paid to agricultural policy changes in 1993-2011. They consisted in the introduction of direct, decoupled payments, payments for certain organic services, elimination of export subsidies and reduction of customs duties on cereals and animal feed. The changes introduced in the agricultural policy have resulted in a considerable decrease in the number of farms and the increase in their scale of production. The study also describes directions of changes in the structure of farms. The scale of farms' production is expected to grow further thanks to the lease of land accompanied by a simultaneous diversification of production.

3

Wielofunkcyjnosc wsi i rolnictwa a rozwoj zrownowazony

80%

Wilkin J.

Wieś i Rolnictwo

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2011

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issue 4(153)

27-39

EN

The article deals with the interdependence between the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas and sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development has become the paradigm of modern theories of development. It is impossible to implement this concept, desirable for many reasons, without putting into effect the principles of multifunctional agriculture geared towards the attainment of both commercial objectives (the competitiveness of agriculture) and objectives connected with agriculture's functions as a provider of public goods and expert knowledge. Structural changes taking place in Polish agriculture are not conducive in a sufficient extent to an improvement in agriculture's productivity and the implementation of the assumptions of multifunctional agriculture. One of the reasons of this undesirable state of affairs is the faulty agricultural policy which contributes to the preservation of unfavorable structures and behaviors of agricultural farms. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Institute of Rural and Agricultural Development of the Polish Academy of Science (IRWiR PAN) the author of the article presents the most important domains of the Institute's research effort and its contribution to the solution of major social and economic problems of the Polish rural community and agriculture.

4

PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR OF COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN CONDITIONS OF COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY LIBERALIZATIONS (Zarzadzanie ryzykiem cenowym...w warunkach liberalizacji Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej UE)

80%

Jerzak M. A.

Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej

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2009

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issue 1(318)

13-23

EN

In today's globalizing world and liberalization of EU agricultural policy, as well as in the light of the increasing globalization of the operations of enterprises, risk management, and in particular management of price risk in agriculture gains on importance. The study analyses the problem of risks in agriculture, as well as identification of risk management methods available in Polish agricultural sector. Also the role is discussed of commodity futures as instruments constituting a separate and independent element of business activity of a farm, which influences the level of income level of farms present on the competitive market. The conclusion states also that in Polish agriculture price risk management is limited to physical methods such as diversification of types of production as well as - to a much smaller extent - vertical integration of entities. Financial methods of risk management cover mainly disaster insurance. It was also established that the use of foreign futures market as the way to secure prices of agricultural commodities on the domestic cash market is difficult, due to significant differences in internal economic conditions, as well as due to the absence of significant connections between markets of the same products in different countries.

5

Charakterystyczne cechy rolniczych spółdzielni produkcyjnych funkcjonujących w latach 1949-2010

80%

Mickiewicz A., Mickiewicz B., Wawrzyniak B. M.

Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego

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2014

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issue 3(77)

51-71

EN

vThe paper presents the situation of agricultural production cooperatives, mainly in terms of the number, from the beginning of their functioning (1949) to the turn of the years 1980-1990. The research shows that after an initial increase in the number of agricultural production cooperatives to 10.5 thousand of units (1956), there was a regression which prevails to this day. Currently there are 700 of agricultural production cooperatives. Agricultural cooperatives having about 0,5% of arable land in the country play a much greater role in the field of agricultural enterprises. In the previous system agricultural cooperatives were achieving higher production results in terms of yields of cereals and pig production compared to individual farms, but it was a production subsidized by the state. Currently agricultural cooperatives represent another type of multi-family farms with comparable production results to other agricultural economic entities.

6

ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRADE AND ENLARGEMENT OF EUROPEAN UNION

80%

Gorecki J.

Wieś i Rolnictwo

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2006

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issue 2(131)

17-28

EN

The main content of the paper is a broad analysis of the present status and changes of agricultural and food production. The level, structure and distribution of food production in the world and regions in the context of malnutrition and reducing hunger are the main issues of author's deliberation. One of the most important conditions of further development of less-developed countries is their better access to international trade of agricultural and food products. Protection and subsidies implemented by developed countries are reducing participation and access of developing countries to the international market of agricultural and food products. The necessity of reducing trade-distorting policy and improving market access is becoming more and more important.

7

Zmiany w strukturze obszarowej i własnościowej gospodarstw rolnych po wejściu w życie nowelizacji kodeksu cywilnego z 28 lipca 1990 r.

80%

Kosmęda P. M.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2010

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vol. 8

69-81

EN

The historical turning point of the year 1989 led to fundamental changes in agricultural policy towards a free market economy and respect for private property. Liberal tendencies caused the resignation on the restrictions in trade and favouritism of the state ownership. Characteristic for the entire period of 1989–2009 was a progressive polarisation of the farms. Despite a slight annual decrease in the total number of farms, the area of the farms in two size groups: up to 2 hectares and above 20 hectares can be observed, including the biggest increase in the 30–50 hectares group. Such observation indicates that a dichotomous division into small farms, producing only to meet their own needs and organised agricultural enterprises, able to produce goods in substantial amounts existed. At the same time a slow process of concentration advanced, causing the increase of the average farm size. While the first 15 years since 1989 till 2004 could be recognised as a clear polarisation period, the last five years show a decline in the quantity of the smallest farms, up to 2 hectares shall, but still the tendency of the rising growth of the biggest farms can be noticed. It should be examined whether this process is associated only with the overall improvement of the economic situation after the year 2004, which supported the process of concentration or maybe also the consequence of the law on the formation of the agricultural system on 11th April 2003. Additionally it seems that the possibility of acceleration of the concentration processes could result from the creation opportunities for farmers in other sectors of the economy or in increasing the profitability of farming itself. Effective instrument capable of achieving this objectives are the programs carried out under the Common Agricultural Policy, althought it carries the risk of over-redistribution of resources, which can lead to a decrease in investment caused by excessive fiscal burdens needed to finance the agricultural projects. The main goal shall be the creation of large number of efficient farms capable to production and investing. This could be achieved through the implementation of mechanisms that will promote improvement of farm structure, e.g. by reducing the phenomena of unreasonable division of farms and facilitation of integration of the neighbourhood farms. As an interesting proposal must be considered a statutory pre-emptive right in favour of landowners adjacent to the property being sold as well as the exclusion of marginal agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes. The key problem seems to be the improvement the profitability of agriculture, which shall accelerate the process of concentration. Following the regulations of the Polish Constitution the family farms shall become support. Criterion for determining the existence of preferences shall be therefore the economic efficiency, regardless of the size of the area farm, included in legal regulations as a criterion of ensuring an adequate farm operating income. Such criterion could set the direction of transformations in agriculture as a whole, with particular emphasis on structural changes.

8

THE HISTORY OF STUDING THE 'PIG CYCLE'

80%

Zawadzka D.

Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej

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2006

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issue 4(309)

48-58

EN

The subject of the authoress' considerations is the 'pig cycle' phenomenon which had been firstly formulated by Samuel Benner in 1895. Since then the mechanism of pig cycle has been investigated and discussed by many foreign as well as Polish scientists. The key fields of American studies on pig cycle like: reason for cyclic development of pig production, spider net theorem, duration of a cycle and its particular phases, were presented in the article. The results of researches conducted during the last several years were also discussed. An important part of the article is devoted to Polish pig cycle in both pre- and post- Second World War periods. During the post-war period the researchers dealing with pig cycle problem had to be faced with difficult question whether cyclic fluctuations of hog production could take place in centrally planned economy. A very practical aspect of the study related to stabilization of pig market was pointed out in the article. Different approaches of agricultural policies in different countries and periods were also presented.

9

THE WORLD'S PRESENT FOOD SITUATION (Aktualna sytuacja zywnosciowa swiata)

80%

Gorecki J.

Wieś i Rolnictwo

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2010

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issue 3(148)

107-117

EN

The main content of the paper is a broad analysis of the present state of and changes in agricultural and food production. The level, structure and distribution of food production throughout the world, in individual regions and selected countries in the context of malnutrition and efforts to limit the phenomenon of hunger are the main themes of the authors considerations.

10

Model rozwoju rolnictwa polskiego w swietle efektow realizacji WPR

61%

Wigier M.

Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej

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2013

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issue 1(334)

22-41

EN

Agricultural policy in Poland supports the functioning of numerous types of agriculture, including the model-based one: traditional, industrial, environmental, induced development and sustainable growth. The CAP objectives and mechanisms, as well as individual characteristics of Polish agriculture indicate that in the long run its pattern should be based on the dual model. Certain farms, while maintaining the basic requirements of environmental protection, should implement production methods ensuring high economic viability (industrial agriculture); other farms should base their development on methods more ecosystem-friendly, which enable the use of the environmental and social and cultural assets at hand (sustainable agriculture). This article defines the most important development stages of global agriculture, indicates the connection between the necessity of State’s intervention-based policy and sustainable development, presents selected characteristics of Polish agriculture with an analysis of the most important effects of implementing the CAP and illustrates the conclusions concerning the shape of the future long-term agricultural policy in Poland.

11

THE PREPARATION AND COURSE OF THE LAND REFORM IN SLOVAKIA, 1939–1945

61%

Fiamová M.

|

2018

|

vol. 66

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issue 5

901 - 932

EN

The subject matter of land reform and the related issue of ensuring that land was owned by ethnic Slovaks, had already appeared in Slovakia in the time of autonomy after 6th October 1938. Reflections about the change of land ownership from the beginning referred not only to Jews, but also to the land of foreigners, the land allotted within the 1st land reform, as well as to the land of Slovaks. The prepared land reform was supposed to compensate for the iniquities caused by the 1st land reform and return the land back “to the hands of those who truly work on it”. Unlike the owners of shops and enterprises, Jewish landowners did not represent a very large class of people, but even in spite of this fact, the following Aryanization of this Jewish land property was subject to corruption. The local and state authorities as well as common people participated in the process of transferring Jewish land into the hands of “Aryans”. However the Slovak government failed in its effort to create a strong middle class of peasants who would support Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party.

12

MACROECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF A COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY BUDGET REDUCTION FOR THE CZECH ECONOMY – A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

51%

Kristková Z.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 8

802 – 822

EN

The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of selected scenarios of a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) budget reduction on the macroeconomic equilibrium of the Czech economy with the use of a dynamic general equilibrium model. The findings show that in the short term, a reduction in direct payments (1st pillar) is more harmful for the economy than the removal of investment subsidies (2nd pillar); this is completely reversed in the long term, in which the removal of investment subsidies leads to a considerably stronger decline in economic growth.

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CHANGES IN MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY DURING THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF POLAND'S MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Kierunki rozwoju szwajcarskiego rolnictwa

Wielofunkcyjnosc wsi i rolnictwa a rozwoj zrownowazony

PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR OF COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN CONDITIONS OF COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY LIBERALIZATIONS (Zarzadzanie ryzykiem cenowym...w warunkach liberalizacji Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej UE)

Charakterystyczne cechy rolniczych spółdzielni produkcyjnych funkcjonujących w latach 1949-2010

ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRADE AND ENLARGEMENT OF EUROPEAN UNION

Zmiany w strukturze obszarowej i własnościowej gospodarstw rolnych po wejściu w życie nowelizacji kodeksu cywilnego z 28 lipca 1990 r.

THE HISTORY OF STUDING THE 'PIG CYCLE'

THE WORLD'S PRESENT FOOD SITUATION (Aktualna sytuacja zywnosciowa swiata)

Model rozwoju rolnictwa polskiego w swietle efektow realizacji WPR

THE PREPARATION AND COURSE OF THE LAND REFORM IN SLOVAKIA, 1939–1945

MACROECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF A COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY BUDGET REDUCTION FOR THE CZECH ECONOMY – A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH