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1

WHO SEEKS ALTERNATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPIES? DOMAIN-SPECIFIC PREDICTORS AND LATENT PROFILES

100%
Fasce A., Adrián-Ventura J.
Studia Psychologica
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2023
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vol. 65
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issue 1
18-35
EN
Techniques presented as psychotherapies without evidence for effective treatment constitute a long-standing and under-researched issue within clinical psychology. We report on an exploratory study using a cross-sectional sample (N = 538) to find predictors and profiles of use of Complementary and Alternative Psychotherapies (CAP). Five well-established constructs were assessed: help-seeking preferences, psychiatric scepticism, mental health literacy, psychological mindedness, and psychotherapy expectancy. Religiosity, help-seeking, distrust in mental health care, interest in psychological phenomena, expectations of relationship with the psychotherapist, and belief in the effectiveness of alternative psychotherapies positively predicted use of CAP. Parallel analyses of evidence-based psychotherapies and alternative medicine revealed that some of these predictors are specific to CAP. Latent profile analysis identified three profiles among users of alternative psychotherapies, conceptualized as religious, unmotivated, and analytical. We discuss our results in relation to these profiles, suggesting various implications and lines of research.
2
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ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL TREATMENT: REASONS FOR ITS SELECTION AND WAYS OF EVALUATING ITS EFFICACY

100%
Jerotijević D., Kráľová S., Kulichová N.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2022
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vol. 54
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issue 2
121 -143
EN
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM; usually defined in opposition to biomedicine or orthodox medicine) is use by part of the population (the percentage differs from country to country) exclusively or, more often, in addition to biomedical procedures. The causes of using alternative medicine may vary - from disappointment in biomedicine to preference of alternative medicine as a part of an alternative worldview philosophy in a broader context (Taves et al. 2018). Building on previous knowledge about the use of CAM, the authors address issues of the perception of CAM practices, ways of evaluating their effectiveness, and the role of creation of narrative about the faced problem as the part of coping with the given situation. The study is based on qualitative data from Slovakia.
3

BIG SUPPLA: CHALLENGING THE COMMON VIEW OF THE SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBS INDUSTRY AFFECTS THE WILLINGNESS TO TRY AND RECOMMEND THEIR PRODUCTS

88%
Mijatović N., Šlijivić J., Tošić N., Conić L., Petrivić M., Žeželj I.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 1
91 – 103
EN
Resorting to complementary/alternative medical (CAM) therapies can lead to bad health outcomes or interfere with officially recommended therapies. CAM use is, nevertheless, widespread and growing. This could be partially due to the perception of the CAM industry as powerless and non-profit oriented, in contrast to the pharmaceutical industry (“Big Pharma”). In reality, both industries are highly profitable and powerful; to highlight this similarity, science communicators coined the term “Big Suppla”. Drawing from a sample of 242 participants upon all exclusions, we experimentally tested whether varying these attributes in presenting the industries impacts consumers’ evaluation of the two categories of products (herbs and supplements) and their willingness to try and recommend them. We also tested whether the effect is moderated by conspiratorial thinking, and whether it is due to a change in trust. All hypotheses were pre-registered. As expected, participants who read the Big Suppla vignette decreased the endorsement of both supplements and herbs, whilst, against our hypotheses, there were no significant changes in endorsement in the contrasting “Baby Suppla” group. Conspiratorial thinking was related to more endorsement of CAM, but it did not moderate the experimental effects. We also did not observe the expected mediation by trust. Our most robust results corroborate the idea that challenging the myth of benevolence of the CAM industry makes people more critical in evaluating its products or considering their usage. They support the intuitions of science communicators who coined the term Big Suppla, and can help in tailoring public health messages.
4

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, COVID-19 CONSPIRACIES, AND OTHER HEALTH-RELATED UNFOUNDED BELIEFS: THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY, ANALYTICAL THINKING, AND IMPORTANCE OF EPISTEMIC RATIONALITY

88%
Sunyík V., Čavojová V.
Studia Psychologica
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2023
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vol. 65
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issue 3
246 - 261
EN
We examined how scientific literacy (scientific reasoning, scientific knowledge, and trust in science), analytical thinking and the importance of epistemic rationality relate to the belief in the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and other health-related unfounded beliefs (COVID-19 conspiracies, pseudoscientific and magical beliefs, and cancer myths). A representative sample of 1038 Slovaks (Mage = 42.08, SD = 13.99) participated in the study. While CAM belief correlated with COVID-19 conspiracy theories, pseudoscientific beliefs, magical health-related beliefs, and cancer myths, it appeared that belief in CAM was primarily driven by lower trust in science, lower analytical thinking and, interestingly, a higher need to be epistemically rational. Other components of scientific literacy did not significantly predict CAM belief but they did predict other health-related unfounded beliefs, which may suggest that a more fine-tuned approach to studying CAM beliefs is needed.
5
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KOMPLEMENTÁRNA A ALTERNATÍVNA MEDICÍNA NA SLOVENSKU Z POHĽADU SOCIÁLNYCH VIED

75%
Souček I., Hofreiter R.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2017
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vol. 49
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issue 4
427 – 450
EN
Since the early 90´s in the sociology of medicine and even in medical anthropology we have observed a growing number of publications dealing with the complementary alternative medicine (CAM). The article´s first and second sections are reviewing the terminology related to the selected field of research and analysis the acceptance of CAM. The analysis of sociological surveys related to CAM in Slovakia is presented in the next part of article. The authors are using regression analysis to describe main supporting factors which are explaining support for CAM. Moreover, the authors focus on the role of homeopathy in contemporary Slovakian society and analyse legitimizing efforts of this alternative medical system. On the selected cases, the article shows how the homeopathy in Slovakia is dealing with biomedical monopoly on medical care and limited access to economic and social resources. Finally, the article points out that more research will need to be done that we can deeply understand all relevant aspects of CAM in Slovakia.
6

CYBERCHONDRIA AND QUESTIONABLE HEALTH PRACTICES: THE MEDIATION ROLE OF CONSPIRACY MENTALITY

75%
Vujić A., Dinić B., Jokić-Begić N.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 1
104 – 117
EN
Cyberchondria is a pattern of repetitive search for health information online, which has adverse psychological consequences in spite of its intention to relieve anxiety. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in the current pandemic accompanied by increased levels of uncertainty and fear, which can lead to increased volume of health information search on the internet, as well as cyberchondria. The first objective of this study was to test the factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of Serbian adaptations of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS-12) and the Short Cyberchondria Scale (SCS). The second aim was to test the direct effects of cyberchondria on pseudoscientific practices (PSP) and the use of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) as well as its indirect effects through conspiracy mentality (CMQ). The sample included 511 participants (73.6% women) from Serbia, from the general population. The results support the adequate alpha reliabilities and four-factor structure of CSS-12 and the single-factor structure of SCS, as well as their positive correlations with health anxiety (HAQ), internet addiction (IAT), and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCI-R Obsessions) and a negative correlation with self-esteem (a single-item scale). Additionally, the composite cyberchondria score had both direct and indirect effects on both questionable health practices. Our results revealed conspiracy mentality as one of the possible mechanisms through which cyberchondria is related to the use of PSP/CAM. It stems from distress related to cyberchondria and leads to an increased likelihood of adopting PSPs or CAM as a tool for maintaining a sense of control in an uncertain situation.
7

Critical Thinking and the Challenges of Internet

63%
Plencner A.
Communication Today
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
4-19
EN
In this article, the author addresses some challenges to information searches and information evaluation which were brought by the Internet. Large segments of audience are exaggerating their awareness and do not realize that their online behavior is driven more by emotions than by critical assessment of primary sources. The result is growing popularity of conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, propaganda, and alternative medicine. These are all examples of biased reasoning. Due to scientists, scholars, teachers, and journalists, this trend can be considered as a potential threat to public health and democracy. Publics incapable of informed choices can be manipulated to support radical political utopia or to reject evidence based treatments. Some basic principles of media literacy, scientific literacy and critical thinking are outlined. They can be used as tools for raising awareness, enhancing reasoning and adopting more objective perspective. This article is based on assumption that behind irrational beliefs there often lies anxiety, precondition for distrust derived from childhood. Not only general users of the Internet tend to overestimate their competence in domains of their interest (so called Dunning-Kruger effect), their behavior may be affected by unrecognized emotional agenda (cautious monitoring of environment for danger, suspicious attitude towards authority figures and official sources of information). The article is enclosed with some recommendation how to evaluate information sources on the Internet and how to be more empathetic in online discussions in order to inspire to reasonable and healthy choices.
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