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1

NEGATED COMMANDS AND ATTENTION BIAS

100%
Maciuszek J.
Psychological Studies
|
2008
|
vol. 46
|
issue 1
49-60
EN
The author's interest focuses on the issue of paradoxical effects of using negations in directives (orders, suggestions, requests). First he refers to the speech acts theory to describe basic kinds of using negation in colloquial speech: negation in representatives, performative negation and negation in directives. The experiment refers to the impact of negated commands on giving attention to the object and, as a result, on remembering of the former which had differently formulated instructions. The results obtained indicate to the paradox of negated commands; the negated command brought about significantly greater attention focus to the given object than in the controlled conditions and similarly great attention focus like in the group which received the directly formulated suggestion, that is the suggestion to pay attention. In the discussion of the results of the experiment the author refers to the linguistic competence and speech acts theory.
2

INTERFERENCE OF EMOTIONAL INFORMATION IN BRIEFLY PRESENTED SCENE ARRAYS

80%
Porubanova M., Priefer R.
Studia Psychologica
|
2019
|
vol. 61
|
issue 3
159 – 174
EN
Research has shown that the presentation of emotional information interferes with the processing of neutral information. The present study examined whether one can suppress this interference when being asked to ignore an emotional scene before attention is engaged with a target or if emotional information always engages attention, resulting in attentional capture. We examined participants’ ability to actively inhibit emotional scenes of different valence and arousal when identifying neutral scenes. In three experiments, a 4-scene array was presented for 250 ms while one emotional scene was present in the display. The scene was either to be ignored or freely available in the array. The results show that the interference from emotional scenes is a pervasive phenomenon, suggesting an involuntary attentional capture by emotional scenes. Moreover, despite the vast literature on the evolutionary advantage of preferential processing of negative information, we show a potent attentional bias toward positive information.
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