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EN
This paper presents the views of the creator of Warsaw positivism – Aleksander Świętochowski on functioning of the state society and Polish national character in former Rzeczpospolita, included in his work Genealogy of the present, which was published for the first time in fragments in 1935. The intention of the author is to present the most interesting elements of historical conception of Świętochowski. However, all considerations are reduced to a few important aspects: presentation of character of particular social groups and typical national characteristics of Poles. As a backdrop for these researches, the author presents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system.
EN
The aim of the article is to reconstruct the linguistic image of the Polish clergy on the basis of Aleksander Świętochowski’s feuilletons. This image is determined by the point of view of the speaker. In my analysis I have distinguished the following points of view: 1) the POV of a non-believer, 2) the POV of a positivist and an involved citizen, 3) the POV of a positivist and scientist. These perspectives are complementary and mutually determining. As a non-believer, the feuilletonist distances himself from the clergy. He views Church authorities through the prism of their decisions and his judgment is always negative. The feuilletonist also focuses on the behaviour of the clergy. He notices and denounces their immoral attitudes. A similar, negative image of the clergy is presented from the point of view of a positivist and an involved citizen. The representatives of the Church are depicted as intellectually backward religious fanatics. The priests who are open to science or are scientists themselves are perceived and judged in a positive light by the feuilletonist, who expresses his respect and admiration towards them. The same concerns the representatives of the clergy who actively contribute to the wellbeing of society. As regards language, the feuilletonist uses contrast and axiologically charged vocabulary, including religious and biblical expressions, which is both effective and persuasive. Furthermore, the suggestiveness of the images under discussion is enhanced by means irony and expressions with negative connotations.
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EN
The paper explores an answer to the following question: what were the „psychological” consequences and operational benefits of affirmative acceptance of Darwin’s theory of evolution by „the Pope of Warsaw positivism?” Świetochowski’s methods of reference towards Darwin’s teachings have been illustrated on the basis of the examples drawn from his journalistic (Liberum veto), scientific (The Sources of Morality), philosophical (The Meditations of a Pessimist), literary (Spirits, Nałęcze), and reminiscent (Memoirs) texts.
EN
From the age of 23 until his death at the age of 89, thus for more than half a century, Aleksander Świętochowski was associated with the Polish press. He was an author of texts, editor and publisher, owner of three magazines: „Prawda” („The Truth”), „Kultura Polska” („Polish Culture”), and „Humanista Polski” („The Polish Humanist”). Despite numerous additional activities in the public sphere - literary, social and educational, political - biographers unanimously believe that, above all, he was a journalist and in this role he had no equal. The aim of the article is to show life of „ The Apostle of Truth” through the prism of his relations with the press. The main theme has been set in the broader context of the political realities of the time. Due to the wide time span, the professional career dynamics of the protagonist and the evolution of his image were taken into account. Świętochowski’s approach to work, as well as his view on the surrounding reality, has been analyzed and an attempt has been made to assess the motives behind his decisions related to his profession.
EN
Positivist philosophy is focused on the problem of science and especially on its cognitive results and applications. We can say that Polish intellectual circles of this era glorified science. In her article, Barbara Szotek presents this phenomenon through the figure of Aleksander Świętochowski, the most famous representative and ideologist of scientific positivism. His works best illustrate the evolution of positivist views on science and its social role.
PL
Filozofia pozytywistyczna jest skoncentrowana na problemie nauki, a zwłaszcza na jej wynikach poznawczych i zastosowaniu. W świadomości polskich środowisk intelektualnych tej epoki można mówić o zjawisku gloryfikacji nauki. W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia tego zjawiska na podstawie idei najbardziej znanego przedstawiciela i ideologa pozytywizmu naukowego – Aleksandra Świętochowskiego. Jego prace najlepiej ilustrują tezę o ewolucji poglądów pozytywistów na naukę i jej społeczną rolę.  
EN
The objective of this paper is to analyse Aleksander Świętochowski’s debut novella series O życie [Oh Life], with particular emphasis on the opening novella. The reflections focus on Damian Capenko, a novella showcasing its relationship with the worldview of the second half of the 19th century and tendentious literature. The author proposes an interpretation of the work in the light of Dumania pesymisty [Musings of a Pessimist], an earlier series of texts by Świętochowski, one of the most outstanding creators of Positivist literature in Poland. As a result of the analyses, the relationship between the texts and the initial ideas of the Polish Positivism programme is explained, along with the apparent artistic inconsistency of the series. 
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza debiutanckiego cyklu nowelistycznego O życie Aleksandra Świętochowskiego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem utworu otwierającego tom. Rozważania koncentrują się na opowiadaniu Damian Capenko, ukazując jego związek ze światopoglądem drugiej połowy XIX wieku, literaturą tendencyjną. Autor proponuje interpretację utworu w świetle Dumań pesymisty, wcześniejszego cyklu wypowiedzi publicystycznych Świętochowskiego, jednego z najwybitniejszych twórców literatury pozytywizmu w Polsce. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz wyjaśniony zostaje związek tekstów z początkowymi ideami programu polskiego pozytywizmu, a także pozorna niespójność artystyczna cyklu.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2016
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vol. 107
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issue 2
47-65
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony zagadnieniu udziału mężczyzn w polskim ruchu emancypacji kobiet na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. W tym czasie wyróżnić można kilka strategii, jakie stosowali profeminiści – dyskurs pedagogiczny (A. Świętochowski, A. Wiślicki), ekonomiczny (L. Biliński, L. Krzywicki) i prawniczy (E. Prądzyński, J. Lange, L. Petrażycki). Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza dyskursu „biologistycznego”. Benedykt Dybowski i Włodzimierz Popiel w swoich książkach próbowali argumenty na rzecz równouprawnienia kobiet odnajdywać w zjawiskach przyrodniczych i medycznych. Pierwszy przyjął strategię mizoandryczną, bo uważał, że kobiety są lepsze od mężczyzn, na co dowody odnalazł w świecie przyrody oraz w kulturach egalitarnych. Drugi zaś zastosował strategię mizoginiczną, ponieważ – mimo deklarowanego poparcia dla ruchu kobiet – prowadził argumentację w sposób dyskryminujący kobiety. Niezaprzeczalnie obaj byli orędownikami emancypacji kobiet i przyznania im pełni praw, ale nie do końca potrafili odpowiednio uargumentować swoje racje. Dlatego też oba teksty traktuję jako reprezentatywne dla pewnego ogólniejszego zjawiska, a mianowicie – próby włączania się mężczyzn w kobiecy dyskurs feministyczny przełomu XIX i XX wieku oraz szukania odpowiedniego języka do uzasadnienia praw kobiet.
EN
The article is devoted to the participation of males in Polish women emancipation movement at the turn of 19th century. At that time we may distinguish several strategies used by male profeminists, namely pedagogical movement (A. Świętochowski, A. Wiślicki), economical (L. Biliński, L. Krzywicki) and legal (E. Prądzyński, J. Lange, L. Petrażycki). The subject of the article is an analysis of “biologial” discourse. Benedykt Dybowski and Włodzimierz Popiel in their papers wanted to find arguments for women equality in natural and medical phenomena. The first one adopted the strategy of misandry in that he claimed women to be better than man, and which he evidenced in the world of nature and in egalitarian cultures. The second resorted to the strategy of misogyny as, in spite of his declarative support for women, he lead his argumentation in the way that discriminated women. Undoubtedly, they advocated women anticipation and granted them full rights, though they were unable to properly argument their views. As a result, Skucha sees both texts as a representative of a more general phenomenon, i.e. as an attempt of including males into women feminist movement of the turn of 19th century and as a mode of striving for a proper language to validate the rights of women.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2015
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vol. 106
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issue 2
246-250
PL
Książka Agnieszki Czajkowskiej "Kraszewski nieubrany. Szkice" jest zbiorem niezwykle interesujących esejów, cennych dla badaczy historii i historii literatury polskiej XIX wieku, ale w nie mniejszym stopniu również dla wszystkich czytelników dzieł autora Starej baśni. Powieściopisarstwo i działalność krytycznoliteracka Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego zestawiane są u Czajkowskiej z twórczością Adama Mickiewicza, Juliusza Słowackiego, Cypriana Norwida, Aleksandra Świętochowskiego, Piotra Chmielowskiego, a także Witolda Gombrowicza.
EN
Agnieszka Czajkowska’s book "Kraszewski nieubrany. Szkice" ("Kraszewski Undressed. Sketches") is a collection of interesting essays not only for historians and history of Polish 19th c. literature researchers, but also for all Kraszewski’s readers. Fiction writing and literary critical activity of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski are in Czajkowska’s book confronted with the creativity of such figures as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Cyprian Norwid Norwid, Aleksander Świętochowski, Piotr Chmielowski, Tadeusz Konwicki and Witold Gombrowicz.
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