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1
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Islamic necropolis at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria: research in the 2010–2013 seasons

100%
Kulicka E.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
|
2015
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vol. 24(1)
62-72
EN
Exploration of the Islamic burial ground at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria continued from the 2010 through the 2013 seasons, uncovering more graves in different sectors: in area U (northwestern part of the site) tombs from the Upper (11th and 12th century) and Middle (9th/10th century) phases of the cemetery and in area CW from the Upper and Lower (8th/9th century) phases. The present text is a basic report of the finds and observations made in the course of the season.
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Glazed Ifriqiyyan ceramics from the Hafsid period from the site of Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria

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Zawadzińska A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
104-113
EN
The presented pottery collection comes from the excavation of a medieval Islamic cemetery discovered at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria, Egypt. The described set represents only a small fraction of an assemblage consisting of ceramics imported from the world known at the time. Hafsid pottery is easily distinguished thanks to a characteristic palette of colors: brown and blue patterns painted on a creamy-white background. The decoration repertoire can be divided into the following main groups of motifs: zoomorphic, floral, geometric and pseudo-epigraphic. The archaeological evidence is insufficient to support a periodization of this collection; the suggested dating follows from a stylistic analysis of the decoration compared with dated parallels from excavations on the citadel in Tunis and the bacini (bowls) preserved in Italian cathedrals.
3
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Unpublished Portrait Head of a Young Man From Alexandria

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Fattah A. B. A. A.
Światowit
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2020
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vol. 59
153-160
EN
This article presents an unknown portrait head from the Flavian period, preserved in a storeroom in Alexandria (Egypt).
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Mosaic Floral Plaque Fragment from Alexandria

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Kucharczyk R.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2016
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vol. 29
125–134
EN
Recent archeological work at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria yielded a fragment of cast mosaic-glass floral plaque. It is one of just a few pieces of this category of glass known from regular excavations in the city. It exhibits a set of stylized flowers and fruits arranged in right-left symmetry, characteristic of this type of objects, which are generally assigned to the first century BC – first century AD. It is presumed that they were intended as inlays on wooden boxes and other furnishings, whereas larger examples were used as revetment panels in architectural contexts. The plaque from Kom el-Dikka was found in a late Roman context, containing also residual material from the early Roman period.
5
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Transformation of education as the precondition of the establishment of episcopal see in Alexandria in second and third century

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Kindiy O.
Vox Patrum
|
2012
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vol. 58
35-48
PL
Starożytna Aleksandria to kosmopolityczna metropolia, swoiste skrzyżowanie kultur i religii Cesarstwa Rzymskiego oraz uznane centrum naukowe świata anty­cznego. Tę pozycję miasto zawdzięczało Ptolemeuszom. Owa wyrosła w okresie hellenistycznym stolica wschodniego basenu Morzy Śródziemnego stała się w II i III wieku po Chr. miejscem spotkania trzech najwyżniejszych nurtów religijno-społecznych epoki: hellenizmu, judaizmu i chrystianizmu. Chrześcijanie aleksan­dryjscy, aby uniezależnić się od silnych wpływów kwitnącego w mieście życia intelektualnego hellenizmu i judaizmu, zostali niejako zmuszeni do stworzenia własnego środowiska intelektualnego, którego podstawą stał się autonomiczny system edukacji. Przy jego tworzeniu szczególne miejsce przypadło judaizmowi. Funkcja nauczyciela, rabbi, niezwykle ważna w judaizmie, została przejęta przez młode chrześcijaństwo aleksandryjskie i zmodyfikowana w duchu grecko-rzym­skiej paidei. W konsekwencji powstał swego rodzaju nowy typ chrześcijańskiego nauczyciela-pedagoga. To właśnie hellenistyczny model edukacji, paideia, dopomógł prawdopodobnie chrystianizmowi uniezależnić się od modelu edu­kacji proponowanej przez judaizm. Było to również ściśle związane z napływem prozelitów helleńskich do młodej wspólnoty aleksandryjskich wyznawców Chrystusa. W konsekwecji nastąpiło w tamtejszym chrześcijaństwie przejście od modelu edukacji judaistycznej do modelu autonomicznego, w którym silna pozycja przypadła „pedagogice” grecko-rzymskiej. Transfomacja ta miała m.in. na celu podniesienie rangi szkolnictwa chrześcijańskiego i uczynienia go atrak­cyjnym dla helleńskich prozelitów. Klasyczna paideia pozwoliła chrześcijanom wejść do grona wykształconej społeczność metropolii nad Nilem, a biskupom Aleksandrii – następcom św. Marka – odgrywać ważną rolę w życiu miasta. Owo skrzyżowanie wpływów judaizmu i hellenizmu widać dobrze w twórczości Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego i Orygenesa, których dokonania wzmacniały (mimo wszystko) pozycję lokalnego biskupa. Drugim dowodem krzyżowania się rzeczonych wpływów jest powstanie gnozy chrześcijańskiej. W ten sposób Aleksandria stała się miejscem koegzystencji ortodoksji i heterodoksji w łonie chrystianizmu. Ów system edukacji chrześcijańskiej oparty na gruncie dziedzic­twa wielokulturowej metropolii znajdował się zatem niejako z konieczności pod kontrolą hierarchii kościelnej. Tak stworzono podwaliny pod przyszłą teologiczną hegemonię starożytnego patriarchatu aleksandryjskiego.
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Alexandria Kom el-Dikka. Excavations and preservation work in the 2018 season

88%
Majcherek G.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2019
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vol. 28(2)
21-42
EN
The 2018 season saw a continuation of research on Roman housing and urbanism in Alexandria. Excavations were focused in the central area of the Kom el-Dikka site, where some early to mid-Roman structures (2nd–3rd centuries AD) were explored. The uncovered part of the building seems to combine domestic and commercial functions. A couple of shops opening onto the street were identified. Evidence of artisanal production of glass beads was also recognised in the post-occupation phase. Post-processing of the finds (pottery, glass vessels, painted wall plaster and coins) was continued. The paper also brings an overview of the preservation program, which was limited this season to maintenance conservation of structures seriously threatened by unfavourable climatic conditions (mainly Baths and auditoria).
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Mark Antony and the date of the Inimitables. A remark on an edited text

88%
Łukaszewicz A.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2020
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issue 50
223-232
EN
A Greek inscription on stone found in Alexandria in the nine- teenth century and exhibited in the Alexandrian Greco-Roman Museum contains an unusual dedicatory text in honour of Mark Antony. The text was edited several times. It contains useful information which agrees with the passage of Plutarch on the lifestyle of Antony and Cleopatra, and their entourage. In this paper the author suggests the date 34–30 bc for the activity of the ‘Inimitables’ and adds a further commentary on the history of Antony and Cleopatra.
8
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Glass finds from Area FW at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria (2019)

88%
Kucharczyk R.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
497-514
EN
New glass finds from the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria come from the excavation of Area FW located in the central part of the site. The bulk of the recorded material, made up of conical lamps, beakers and bowls, and poorly fashioned bottles, belongs to the late Roman period (4th–5th century AD). The uniformity in colour, distinctive low quality of the fabric and simple workmanship, all point to a common origin in local workshops covering the needs of the local market. A few pieces, including luxury cast and facet-cut tableware, apparently from a non-local source, represent the late Hellenistic/mid-Roman chronological horizon (2nd century BC–3rd century AD). Meriting note is new evidence of mosaic glass, once again confirming that this type of glass was manufactured in Alexandria in the mid-Roman period. The importance of this assemblage derives from the presence of early Roman luxury tableware which has seldom been observed before at Kom el-Dikka.
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Kilka uwag o fragmencie naczynia z Odercy (Bułgaria)

88%
Kucharczyk R.
Archeologia Polski
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2014
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vol. 59
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issue 1-2
279-284
EN
During excavations in the Byzantine fortress in Odărci (Bulgaria) a fragment of deco-rated wineglass/or beaker came to light. The brownish-red opaque threads applied below the rim and on the body, as well as painted, unfortunately very fragmentarily preserved Greek inscription, make this vessel unique. Most probably it was made in one of the glass workshops operating in the Eastern Mediterranean. Alexandria seems to be to most obvious candidate. The vessel can be dated to the 6th c. A.D.
10
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Alexandria, Cyrenaica, Cyprus: Ptolemaic Heritage in Imperial Residential Architecture

88%
Pensabene P.
Światowit
|
2019
|
vol. 58
11-31
EN
The relationship between Alexandria and the architectural traditions of Cyrenaica and Cyprus is currently becoming an important research topic. Beside the clear historical and geographical links, many comparisons specifically between the Cyrenaican and Cypriote architecture and that of Alexandria evidence a strong influence of the latter on both lands. The Alexandrian impact on architecture dates back to the Ptolemaic Period and continued under the Romans until late Antiquity
11
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Alexandria, Kom el-Dikka. Seasons 2014–2015. Appendix: Islamic cemetery at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria: research in the 2014 and 2015 excavation seasons

75%
Majcherek G., Kulicka E.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
33-52
EN
The Polish–Egyptian mission at Kom el-Dikka, ran by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, stepped up the already advanced preservation processes aimed at establishing an Archaeological Park at the site. Conservation work was carried out in the theater portico, the bath complex and the residential quarter of late Roman date in the eastern part of the excavation area. In turn, the western part was the focus of archaeological research centered on the exploration of some late Roman structures located underneath. The early medieval/Islamic cemetery overlying these remains was explored first. A detailed report from this work is appended to this article. The human skeletal remains from the cemetery were examined by anthropologists. The western gate to the bath complex, leading from the theater portico, was fully exposed. Finds from present and earlier work at the site continued to be studied: glass vessels, pottery, lamps, bone objects, painted wall plaster, and a vast collection of coins.
12
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The growth of creative regions: from Alexandria to Lvov and San Francisco

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Kozielecki J.
Nauka
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2007
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issue 3
EN
Ever since the first public seat of learning was founded in antique Alexandria – famed for Euclid, Archimedes and Herophilos – inventors and innovators of diverse orientations have banded together at particular places around the globe. Today, the most prominent of them is the San Francisco Bay area. What make creative people cluster in those places? Numerous studies have shown that they are attracted primarily, not by any material benefits, but by the ambience of the place, where creativity has become a way of life, where inspiration is derived from a heterogeneous environment. In conclusion, the author draws up a psychological portrait of the creative class and considers its development prospects.
13
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Glass finds and other artifacts from excavations of Area FW at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in 2018

75%
Kucharczyk R.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2019
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vol. 28(2)
43-60
EN
Excavations in 2018 of the central part of the Kom el‑Dikka site in Alexandria (Area FW) produced a collection of glass finds representing two broadly defined chronological horizons. The set from an early Roman house in the lower layers of the sector is representative of the early and mid‑Roman period (1st–3rd centuries AD) and is significant in that it broadens the known repertoire of vessels forms from the site in general. Examination of the context has also provided further firm archaeological evidence of gold-in-glass bead manufacture at the site. The upper layers, associated with an extensive dumping of ashes from the nearby late antique bath and waste from the working of a complex of lime kilns situated in this area, yielded material typical of late Roman/early Byzantine glasses (4th–6th century AD) already known from the site and comprising mainly simple free-blown utilitarian wares with limited ornamentation.
14
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Glass finds from Areas U and G at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria (excavations in 2012 and 2013)

75%
Kucharczyk R.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
87-103
EN
The glass material from PCMA excavations at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in the 2012 and 2013 seasons consisted mainly of a late Roman/early Byzantine assemblage, mostly yellowish-green blown glass characterized by a homogeneity of the fabric, a limited variety of vessel types and simple workmanship, all indicative of a local glasshouse most likely operating at the site. Fragments of early and late Roman mosaic glass were also an important element of the set. Excavations in area U (sub-area US) also yielded a handful of late Hellenistic/early Roman glasses: various types of cast bowls seldom previously reported from Kom el-Dikka, a linear-cut bowl, monochrome patella, and colorless bowl with broad rim and overhung edge. The assemblage coming from area G (basement of the late Roman baths) comprised late Roman free-blown, utilitarian wares representing a limited range of forms. Also found in this area was cast glass of the late Hellenistic/early Roman period: mosaic glass and a grooved bowl, the latter recorded for the first time at Kom el-Dikka.
15
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Islamic glass from area U (2012–2013)

75%
Kucharczyk R.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
73-86
EN
Excavations by a PCMA team from the University of Warsaw in area U of the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in 2012–2013 yielded a fair number of glass fragments. The assemblage comprised two distinct chronological groups: early Roman to late Roman/early Byzantine and Islamic-period glass. It consisted of plain, ordinary tableware, often made of very poor quality glass, undoubtedly of local, Alexandrian production, as well as luxury vessels, decorated in various techniques, representing imports, probably from Syria.
16
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Alexandria, Kom el-Dikka. Fieldwork in the 2019 season

75%
Majcherek G.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
469-496
EN
The report offers an account of archaeological and conservation work carried out at the site. Excavations in the central part of the site (Sector F) were continued for the fourth season in a row. Exploration of remains of early Roman houses led to the discovery of a well preserved multicolored triclinium mosaic floor with a floral and geometric design. A large assemblage of fragments of polychrome marble floor tiles, recorded in the house collapse, showed the scale of importation of decorative stone material from various regions of the Mediterranean. Overlying the early Roman strata was direct evidence of intensive construction work carried out in the vicinity in the form of large-scale kilnworks, supplying lime most probably for the building of the late Roman bath and cistern. Included in the presentation is a brief review of the limited conservation work that was conducted in the complex of late antique auditoria.
17
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Group of tetradrachmas from the reign of Diocletian discovered at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria

75%
Jegliński A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
515-528
EN
A set of more than 30 tetradrachmas from the second half of the 3rd century AD was discovered in Alexandria in Egypt, at the Kom el-Dikka site excavated by a Polish mission, in a zone of public buildings constructed in the 4th century AD. A row of lime kilns from the construction site of this complex stood on top of the ruins of an early Roman domestic quarter and, after they ceased to be used, were covered with earth and rubble, the latter partly from the destruction layer of these houses. Excavation of the kilns in 2008 and 2009 produced large quantities of 4th and 5th century pottery as well as pieces of marble revetment that had been fed to the kilns, and isolated late Roman coins. The tetradrachmas from two of the kilns (Fc and Fd), which were hoarded apparently in AD 293–295, seems to have preceded the destruction of the early Roman houses and may have been hidden in one of them.
18
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Fragments of Wall Paintings From Polish Excavations at Kom El-Dikka, Alexandria

75%
Tkaczow B.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
|
2014
|
issue 27
421–439
EN
The study of mural painting in ancient Alexandria is still based on images decorating walls of Alexandrian tombs due to the fact that discoveries of painted plaster at archaeological sites in the ancient city are rather scarce and poorly documented. For this reason, the analysis of painted decorations from both public buildings and private houses has to be supported with references to the material from the necropolis. Fragments of mural paintings, unfortunately not in large numbers, were found on the walls of buildings discovered at Polish excavations at Kom el-Dikka. They are mostly decorations of house interiors, both from the Early Roman and Imperial Periods (first–third centuries AD) as well as the Late Antique Period (fifth–sixth centuries AD). Very few remains of painted decoration of public buildings were preserved in several so-called auditoria and in some rooms of Imperial Baths. Rich assemblages of painted plaster pieces were found in debris filling interiors of particular buildings. A common presence of uniform patterns and colours indicates that the majority of the material might have come from a single large edifice located in the vicinity of Kom el-Dikka. The material, which consists of several hundred remains, includes a rich selection of imitation of stone revetment, fragments of ornamental decorations and pieces which come from bigger figural compositions. All this material could be a starting point for an in-depth study of painted decoration of Alexandrian architecture between the first and the sixth centuries AD.
19
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Alexandria: Excavations and preservation work on Kom el-Dikka, seasons 2012 and 2013

75%
Majcherek G.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
29-61
EN
Archaeological research in the 2012 and 2013 seasons was focused on excavations in area U in the northwestern part of the site of Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria. Previously discovered structures of early Roman age continued to be explored. A large forica and other buildings have been found to follow an unusual, strictly geographical orientation, the reason for which has yet to be ascertained. A large group of burials belonging to three successive phases of the early Islamic cemetery (8th–12th century AD) was excavated in the same area. Additional testing in already cleared auditoria T, U and B as well as next to auditorium H helped to verify issues of stratigraphy and chronology of the academic complex to which these auditoria belonged. Preservation work focused mainly on an overhaul of the mosaic shelter (Villa of the Birds), including treatment of mosaic floors. Equally important tasks were the conservation of remains of domestic architecture in area W1N, restoration of a well in the cistern (area L), and finally preservation of auditorium RS.
20
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Aegyptiaca Vespasiani. Nilus on Vespasian’s Alexandrian Coins Evidence for the Tradition of the Legitimization of Power

63%
Lichocka B.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2015
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issue 28
91–104
EN
During the first three years of Vespasian’s reign, coins which depicted Nilus bust were minted in Alexandria. Some scholars relate these representations to the reported by Cassius Dio (LXVI 8, 1) sudden exceptional Nile flooding which took place after the emperor’s arrival in Alexandria. However, the dates of both events are disputable. It seems that Nilus bust on the coins is rather an expression of Roman emperors’ complying with requirements of the tradition which identified the monarch with the renewed Nile.
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