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Lire pour vivre: French Cultural History of Reading and Its Reception in Recent Czech Historiography

100%
Kašparová J.
Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)
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2007
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vol. 20-21
209-235
EN
This article deals with the origin and development of the academic discipline of history of reading and reading practices, originating in connection with new historical thinking in French historiography from the mid-twentieth century, with the so called Annales School or the nouvelle histoire. The history of book culture ceased to be understood as the traditional concept of merely history of the book and book printing; book studies were enriched by a sociological dimension and encompassed the history of reading, of reading materials, and of readers’ practices. The article sums up the results of French research and surveys the most substantial works, institutions and personalities which contributed to the origin of the new discipline, especially with the ideas of Roger Chartier. In his works, Chartier rejects both the view which does not take into account the period’s social, political and cultural practices in which the work originated and which explains the text only on the basis of the impersonal and automatic operation of the language (the history of the book without authors and readers), and also the psychologising approaches, which on the other hand attempt to interpret the origin of the text as the act of an author’s creative genius. An analysis of the form and the content of the oral, manuscript and printed texts (the method of noting or ordering of the text in the space given by the origin of the book – that is, in the context of a page, its layout, etc.) is inseparable from the study of history of the reader’s appropriations. Chartier borrowed the term appropriation from sociologists, but its application in the field of book studies makes it easier to recognise and explain phenomena such as the concept of ‘popular culture’ (in the sense of a certain method of using texts, transforming them and adapting them to the needs of the subsequent communities), which has led him to study texts which were in some way exceptional and those which were widely received. An important accomplishment by Chartier is the differentiation between two basic types of readers’ practices – intensive, oral reading; and extensive, visual reading. The transition from one form to the other was gradual and fluent and made possible the coexistence of both types. He then interprets the history of the book as the history of readers’ practices, and divides it into three basic stages – trois revolutions – in the development of writing and reading (the emergence of the codex; the expansion of silent reading as a consequence of the discovery of book printing and the associated rise of mass book production in the second half of the eighteenth century; and the rise of computer technology and internet reading and writing). Chartier concentrated his research primarily on the behaviour and activity of the reader, but this does not mean he understands readership practices only as the mere ‘anthropological’ history of reading methods, attitudes and gestures, and of reading spaces. A number of human factors took part in the production of the text, its circulation and interpretation (from the author in the widest sense of the word, through the editor, patron, printer, publisher and bookseller or colporteur as far as the reader), which are set into the specific historical situation and determined politically, socially and culturally. This article indicates in what ways the research of French and world historiography in the fi eld of the history of book culture can inspire Czech book studies, which still undervalues new trends aimed at the study of reading materials and readership practices and, unlike the general historiography, it does not take into account the new approaches in the spirit of the Annales School, is not even very much aware of such study (there is no institutional background in the Czech Republic able to develop such research consistently). Nevertheless, certain fundamentals of a newly and more widely concept of book studies have been posed. Chartier’s key works have still not been translated into Czech, but in 2007 the internationally famous and popular publication by the renowned specialist Albert Manguel, The History of Reading, at least came out in Czech translation. The author is convinced that research into the history of Czech book culture should continue both in classical book studies research aimed at the up to now partly unmapped history of book printing and history of book production (in spite of the recently published monumental Encyklopedie knihy by Petr Voit), and in research concerning the history of reading and reading materials, readership reception and readership practices.
2
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Quantification as Conflict. Witold Kula’s Political Metrology and Its Reception in the West

75%
Echterhölter A.
Historyka Studia Metodologiczne
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2019
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vol. 49
3
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Inspirace ještě pro jednu generaci. Úvaha nad osobností a dílem Jacquese Le Goffa (1924–2014)

75%
Nejedlý M.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2014
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vol. 112
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issue 3
463-496
EN
The article is a personal reflection by a student of Le Goff on the research legacy of the great medievalist, who from the time of his studies at Charles University also showed a deep interest in the history of the Bohemian lands. The article stresses the importance of the foundation of the École des hautes études en sciences sociales and the creation of a doctoral seminary as a milestone on Le Goff‘s pathway towards historical anthropology and the education of his own doctoral students. Jacques Le Goff remains an inspiration, in particular for his interdisciplinary approaches, his interest in literary and iconographic sources and medieval imagination as well as for his sophisticated popularising efforts and for the tearing down of useless walls between university specialisations. The reflections are in part based on original assessments of the different aspects of Le Goff’s legacy by Bruno Dumézil, Stéphane Durand, Oliver Chaline, Christine Ferlampin-Acher, Olivier Marin, Jean-Marie Moeglin and Jean-Claude Schmitt.
4
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Historia komunikacji na tle historii idei i historii mentalności

63%
Wendland M.
IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych
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2014
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vol. 26
221-239
EN
This article focuses on a relatively new area of communicology and communication research, which is the history of communication. The historical approach to communication phenomena (or “reflexive historicising”) is derived from some important and influential fields of communication research, e.g. the Toronto School of Communication, ritual view of communication, intellectual history and history of mentalities (Annales School), cultural anthropology and others. This paper intends to investigate the position of communication history among other branches of modern humanities as well as its relation to some significant approaches in social history and cultural anthropology, namely the history of ideas (or intellectual history) and history of mentalities. This article outlines the origins and current state of communication history and connects its main fields (mostly the history of collective images or representations of communication) with the two above mentioned approaches.
5
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Hospodářské dějiny a business history ve francouzské historiografii

45%
Efmertová M.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2017
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vol. 115
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issue 3
756-786
EN
Since 1929 French historiography has been influenced by the Annales School (École des Annales). Both the founders and the first generation (1929–1945) Annales are considered by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. Its leading lights at that time drew their inspiration from Auguste Comte’s positivist philosophy and proceeded in a way different from the so‑called methodic school that had affected the historical branches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until 1945, the Annales School represented of edge branch of French historiography. After 1945, her leaders came to the top positions in universities (and especially in Paris) and began to point the whole of French historiography. It was only then that they became a real school. It was the Annales that had changed approach to history. Its achievements were based on its more global view of the historical issues under review and especially on its efforts to foster cooperation and links among interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary institutes (among historians, sociologists, economists, mathematicians, geographers, anthropologists, psychologists, etymologists, statisticians, demographers, climatologists etc.).
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