Search results

1

Transboundary pipelines and the Arctic: legal issues

100%

Vylegzhanin A. N., Moskwa U.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

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2016

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vol. 6

27-43

PL

In the universal sources of modern international law, the regime of cross-border pipelines is set out only in general terms. It is true even regarding the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the most developed regulations relating to laying such pipelines. National legal rules applicable to laying pipelines, however, in practice provide for additional requirements which go beyond conventional rules. Relevant national laws are often based on international environmental law, including multilateral environmental treaties. Existing regional treaties providing regulations on cross-border pipelines are most often also of a framework nature.

2

An energy promise of democratic peace for the arctic: Russia’s case

94%

Stekić N., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2018

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issue 1

EN

It has been widely discussed whether the existing theoretical approaches within the international relations could efficiently explain the newly established phenomena within the international system. As a vast space of emerging importance, the Arctic presents a unique area which is an immanent strategic object of the world’s major powers such as Russia, China, Canada, and the EU. This article uses the democratic peace theory to determine whether the major intervening variables – energy policy and transit potential in the Arctic – could inhibit the theoretically predicted behaviour of such states. Theoretical implication stemming from the literature review points to an inherently more peaceful nature of Russia in this space, unlike the rest of the world. This was an incentive to fill in an epistemological gap of the democratic peace puzzle. Following the logic of the democratic peace theory, this research has demonstrated that the two intervening variables have been omitted and thus they should be incorporated in further empirical research.

3

WHY THE CULTURAL IDENTITIES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE ARCTIC ARE MORE ENDANGERED THAN THEY SEEM

94%

Kaczmarek K.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2013

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vol. 42

213-217

EN

Global warming is a fact. The reason for this can only be a guess. There are hypotheses claiming that the climate changes are consequences of human activities. Other hypotheses say that such occurrences appear regularly every few thousand years. As early as the beginning of the twentieth century some scientists noticed indicators of the growth of the global average temperature. Regardless of the reason global warming is observable mostly in polar areas. Nowadays about four million people live in the Arctic including native inhabitants. Global warming impacts on all of these including indigenous peoples of the Arctic whose cultural identities have always been related to nature. They have always lived in harmony together with nature, they have been a part of it and have never tried to fight against it. A changing climate can make them give up the way their ancestors used to live. Afterwards it can cause the disappearance of their languages and cultures that languages are parts of. Besides for many decades all indigenous people had been thought to be at a lower development level than new arrivals so today almost all languages spoken by indigenous peoples of the Arctic are endangered. All indigenous peoples of the Arctic have common points in their histories like deprivation of lands and suppression of languages and traditions. Most of their ancient customs and religions are forgotten but there are many material marks that are important for future generations. It is very important to preserve the marks and the knowledge of their languages because the value of them is priceless. Today native inhabitants of the Arctic live in countries with various law regulations so their situation is different in each country. Some of them have some autonomy, but others still seek it.

4

Germany’s Arctic Policy – Between Economy and Ecology

94%

Grzela J.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2015

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vol. 48

119-132

PL

W ostatnich latach w wyniku zmian klimatycznych nastąpiło wiele zmian na dalekiej Północy. Pokrywa lodowa Arktyki topnieje w szybkim tempie, a to oznacza znaczny wzrost poziomu morza, a także zmniejszanie się przestrzeni życiowych zwierząt. Z drugiej strony znikający lód Arktyki otwiera nowe obszary eksploatacji dla ludzi. Arktyka może także stać się wkrótce największym na świecie zbiornikiem czystej wody i żywności. Ocieplenie prowadzi do zmian w ekosystemach, wzbudzając wiele pytań dotyczących podziału terytorialnego regionu, jego ochrony i wykorzystania. Zmiany zachodzące w Arktyce stanowią wyzwanie na wielu płaszczyznach: gospodarczej, społecznej, bezpieczeństwa i ochrony środowiska. Przede wszystkim liczą się interesy gospodarcze (dostęp do prawdopodobnie największych na świecie złóż ropy naftowej, gazu i metali szlachetnych) oraz ekologiczne (ochrona środowiska). Biegun Północny, choć z różną intensywnością, staje się obecny w polityce zagranicznej wielu państw. Na Starym Kontynencie dostrzega to zarówno Unia Europejska, jak i poszczególne kraje członkowskie. Jednym z nich są Niemcy. Kraj ten jest zainteresowany daleką Północą z ekonomicznej i ekologicznej perspektywy.

EN

In the last years, as a result of climate changes, plenty of transformations have taken place in the High North. Consequently, ice cap of the Arctic is melting at a very fast pace, and that means significant rise of sea levels as well as decreasing animals’ habitats. On the other hand, disappearing Arctic ice is opening new areas of exploitation for humans. The Arctic might also soon become the world’s most important reservoir of clean water and food. The warming is leading to changes in ecosystems, arousing a number of enquiries about territorial division of the region, its preservation and utilisation. The changes taking place in the Arctic pose a challenge on many levels: economic, social, security, and environmental protection. First of all, economic (access to probably the biggest deposits of oil, gas and precious metals in the world) and ecological (environmental protection) interests are clashing there. The North Pole, although with varying intensity, is becoming present in foreign policies of many countries. On the Old Continent, it has been noticed by the whole European Union as well as particular countries. One of them is Germany. Germany is interested in the region from the economic and ecological perspective.

5

Arktyka - nieodkryty spichlerz energetyczny świata

94%

Młynarski T.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2010

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issue 1(13)

375-393

EN

Today’s world is increasingly suffering from a shortage of energy resources. The race for raw materials has recently dominated international relations and in the future there may be conflicts over energy resources. In these circumstances, the vision of access to the vast unrevealed energy resources of the Arctic is now becoming a subject of the geopolitical game of the Great Powers. Five Arctic countries (Russia, Canada, the United States, Denmark and Norway) are attempting to extend their 200 nautical miles economic zone to 350 miles in the Arctic by advancing the argument that the seabed is a geological continuation of their continental shelf. Another aspect of the conflict around the Far North is the fact that the ice is melting as a result of global warming, which opens up new strategic transportation routes that will connect the Atlantic and the Pacific. Competition for these northern treasures is becoming more evident and violent, and taking into account international law in effect it inevitably leads to the situation of first come, first served.

6

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1934 roku

94%

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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vol. 60

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issue 2

117–140

EN

Polish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1934 was already the second Polish polar expedition to the Arctic. It was scientific-mountaineering in character. 7 persons took part in it: Witold Biernawski (1898-1957) – film-maker and radiotelegraph operator, Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907-1939) – expedition leader, Henryk Mogilnicki (1906-1999) – photographer and radiotelegraph operator, Stefan Zbigniew Różycki (1906-1988) – geologist, Stanisław Siedlecki (1912-2002) – meteorological observer, Sylweriusz Bohdan Zagrajski (1892-1940) – triangulator, Antoni Rogal-Zawadzki (1896-1974) – topographer and photogrammetrist. The purpose of this expedition was to collect data in geology and cartography, and to a lesser degree – in glaciology, botany, zoology and meteorology. It lasted from May 20 to September 16, 1934. The time between June 20 – August 28 the group spent on Spitsbergen’s Torell Land. The outcome: an area of app. 300 square kilometres of previously undiscovered land was marked by triangular system, covered by photogrammetric photos and surveyed. Geological research covered the land of app. 500 square kilometres and the group collected geological specimens of app. 800 kg in weight. On the basis of their research, two maps (at a scale of 1:50 000 and 1:200 000) were published. The participants collected also botanical and zoological material. Meteorological observations were carried out at the base over Van Keulen fjord throughout the whole expedition. Different objects on Torell Land were named by the expedition, their names referring largely to Poland (Annex I). Approximately 200 photographs and a film were shot by the expedition. Apart from scientific research, the participants published also diaries of the expedition.

7

Instruments of Change: Late Dorset Palaeoeskimo Drums and Shamanism on Coastal Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

94%

Rast T., Wolff C. B.

Open Archaeology

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2016

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vol. 2

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issue 1

EN

The only known evidence of Dorset Palaeoeskimo drum use ever documented was salvaged decades ago along with thousands of other Late Dorset Palaeoeskimo artifacts from an eroding coastal site (PfFm-1) at Button Point on Bylot Island, Nunavut (Figure 1) (Mary-Rousselière 1976, Taylor 1971-1972). These finds consist of two nearly complete wooden drums and various other drum frame fragments that date to the centuries surrounding A.D. 1000 (Taylor 1971-1972). In the spring of 2014, the authors and Lori White re-examined all of the wood fragments recovered from Button Point, documenting the known drum pieces and discovering nearly a dozen previously unidentified drum fragments. These fragments represent instruments in a range of sizes, but with a consistent and uniquely Late Dorset Palaeoeskimo style that has not been identified prior to our research. In this paper, we discuss a proposed typology of the Dorset drums and drum fragments, and contrast their stylistic attributes with subsequent historic Inuit drum morphology in the region. We will also discuss some of the functional aspects of how the drums were manufactured and the use of foraged coastal resources in their construction. Finally, we offer an interpretation of the driftwood-constructed drums as part of what we believe to be elements of Late Dorset shamanism.

8

Greenland – from Autonomy to (In)Dependence

83%

BRAŃKA T.

Przegląd Strategiczny

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2018

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issue 11

107-128

EN

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of development of Greenland’s autonomy, especially vis-à-vis the Act on Greenland Self-Government of 2009, which ensures that decisions on the future status of the island will be made by the people of Greenland. Compared to other entities, Greenland is the only Arctic territory which can feasibly gain independence. This study also discusses the relations between Denmark and Greenland in terms of post-colonial relations between the former metropolis/colonizer and the island, outlining also the discourse on independence in Greenland. The hypothesis posed in the paper is that the proceeds from mineral extraction will not enable Greenland to become economically independent and abandon Danish subsidies, and that the process of gaining sovereignty might result in Greenland becoming dependent on external powers which will have a considerable impact on social relations on the island. This means that the matter under negotiation is not so much whether or not Greenland has the right to declare independence, but rather if it should take this step.

9

Tubylcze szkolnictwo wyższe w Arktyce. Wybrane problemy i egzemplifikacje

83%

Gmerek T.

Rocznik Pedagogiczny

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2014

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vol. 37

109-126

EN

The article include the consideration of social functions of higher education for indigenous minorities living in the Arctic. Particular emphasis was placed on reconstructing educational practices and the language policy that is implemented toward indigenous minorities in Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Greenland, northern regions of Scandinavia and Northern Russia. An attempt was made at examining the relationship between higher education, language policy, and the development of ethnic identity.

10

Middle Dorset Communal Structures on Victoria Island

83%

Friesen T. M.

Open Archaeology

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2016

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vol. 2

|

issue 1

EN

This paper describes a cluster of large communal structures in the Oxford Bay region of southeastern Victoria Island in Nunavut, Arctic Canada. The structures consist of linear stone outlines of up to 24 meters in length, and resemble the relatively well-documented Late Dorset longhouses which have been found across much of the Eastern Arctic. However, radiocarbon dates indicate that the Oxford Bay structures were built and used from roughly 200 to 600-700 cal AD, placing them in the Middle Dorset period. Elsewhere, Middle Dorset communal structures are rare, making the Oxford Bay phenomenon unique. The sites are interpreted as resulting from population aggregations associated with the fall caribou hunt, and may represent direct predecessors of the more widespread Late Dorset longhouses.

11

Spór o Grzbiet Łomonosowa na tle rosyjskich dążeń o wpływy na obszarze Arktyki

71%

Wojcieszak Ł.

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne

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2014

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vol. 16

142 - 155

EN

The paper presents an ongoing dispute of several countries for the right to the Lomonosov Ridge located at the North Pole. The author of the paper shows the Arctic as a place rich in mineral resources and an area of rivalry between states. He lists the benefits of climate warming that changes the North Pole. He further describes some legal aspects, as well as the subject of the dispute, Lomonosov Ridge. Then he presents Russian efforts to use the natural resources of the Arctic and Russian military involvement in this area. The author also shows the position of other parties to the dispute.

12

Problem bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego w Arktyce w stosunkach rosyjsko-norweskich

71%

Letko P.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2015

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vol. 2

99-111

EN

This article is concerned with the influence of the issue of environmental safety in the Arctic on the relations between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation. Basic documents that determine the environmental protection policy of the two countries as well as the areas of the most visible bilateral collaboration (marine resources conservation in the Arctic, ensuring nuclear safety in the region, combating air pollution, eliminationof chemical weapons) have been discussed. Additionally, the actions taken by the governments in Moscow and Oslo for ensuring environmental safety in the Arctic have been analyzed.

13

Arctic energy policy and security of the Russian Federation

71%

Urbański M.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2016

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vol. 10

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issue 1

35-51

EN

In this article, the author examines the Arctic region in the context of the energy and security policy of the Russian Federation. The author emphasises the factors which currently influence the increasing interest in the Arctic of the countries which claim rights to this region, which are: the US, Canada, Denmark, Norway and the Russian Federation. Among the most important factors indicating the essence of the Arctic, the author points out, inter alia: plenty of energy deposits, which because of the changing climate, are more available, the size of the Arctic area and new transport routes. The author indicates the possibilities of using the Russian Federation policy regarding the Arctic in order to, among other things, strengthen the country’s international position. The author also presents the extent to which claiming the right to exclusive exploitation of mineral resources by the Russian Federation is the real motive of its actions and its intention to totally subordinate the Arctic area. Simultaneously, an attempt is made to answer the question whether the Arctic is likely to be a place of military conflict in the future? The article also examines the issues related to the legal status of the Russian Federation regarding the Arctic, the political activity of the Russian Federation in this region and the possibility of the Russian Federation exploiting energy resources in the Arctic region. The article brings together the issues connected with the Russian Federation and its policy in the region of the Arctic Ocean, and also portrays the importance of the Arctic in the changing international security environment.

14

Współpraca służb ratowniczych państw regionu Arktyki po II wojnie światowej - wybrane zagadnienia

71%

Lizut M.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

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2014

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vol. 8

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issue 1

142-153

EN

The article describes selected rescue operations that took place in the Arctic during the Cold War and afterwards. The author focuses on the international aspect of search and rescue actions and analyses the evolution of the forms and procedures of cooperation between services and the obstacles which emergency cooperation faces in this part of the world. The author also attempts to determine the perspectives of Arctic rescue operations at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

PL

Artykuł opisuje wybrane operacje ratownicze, do jakich doszło w rejonach arktycznych w okresie zimnej wojny i po jej zakończeniu. Autorka skupia się na międzynarodowym aspekcie akcji poszukiwawczo-ratunkowych. Analizuje ewolucję form i procedur współdziałania rozmaitych podmiotów oraz przeszkody, na jakie napotyka współpraca służb ratowniczych w newralgicznym regionie świata. Podejmuje również próbę określenia perspektyw rysujacych się przed ratownictwem arktycznym na początku XXI wieku.

15

Status Grenlandii w świetle zmian klimatycznych

71%

Tomala M.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

|

2014

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vol. 8

|

issue 1

107-121

EN

Along with the progressive warming of the Arctic climate the importance of Greenland as a relevant element in the geopolitical system of the Arctic region will be growing. The increasing availability of local energy resources and rare earth metals will result in the increased interest of the island among the outside parties. Active political and economic factors aimed at Nuuk will be thus gaining momentum. This occurrence will be accompanied by the increasing desire of Greenland for a full political sovereignty.

PL

Wraz z postępującym ocieplaniem się arktycznego klimatu znaczenie Grenlandii, jako istotnego elementu systemu geopolitycznego regionu Arktyki, będzie rosło. Zwiększająca się dostępność miejscowych zasobów surowców energetycznych oraz metali ziem rzadkich będzie powodować wzrost zainteresowania Wyspą ze strony podmiotów zewnętrznych. Aktywność polityczno-ekonomiczna czynników trzecich, nakierowana na stolicę Grenlandii – Nuuk, będzie tym samym przybierać na sile. Zjawisku temu towarzyszyć będzie zwiększające się dążenie Grenlandii do uzyskania pełni suwerenności politycznej.

16

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1938 r.

71%

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2018

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vol. 63

|

issue 2

7–27

EN

Polish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1938 was the fifth Polish expedition to the Arctic during interwar period. Four persons participated in it: geologist Bronisław Halicki (1902-1962) from Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, geographer and geomorphologist Mieczysław Klimaszewski (1908-1995) from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, geologist Ludwik Sawicki (1893-1972), connected with the State Geological Institute in Warsaw, and Stefan Bernardzikiewicz (1907-1939) from the Warsaw Technical University (organizer and technical leader of the expedition). Polish expedition stayed from July 5th to September 6th 1938 on the Oscar II Land on Spitsbergen. The basis was set up on the Kaffioyr plain. Research was conducted within up to 100 km radius from the base. The main purpose of the expedition was to collect possibly enough data for comparison purposes that could enable studies of the Pleistocene deposits in Poland. The 2nd World War prevented researchers from working on the collected data and from publishing them. Only in 1960, M. Klimaszewski published a valuable geomorphological study devoted to the territory located between Kongsfjorden and Eidembukta. The data and experience obtained on Spitsbergen were of great importance for later interpretations, both Old Quarternary and Young Pleistocene, as well as Holocene geological profiles on the Polish Lowlands.

17

Svalbard w filmach polskich z lat 30. XX wieku

71%

Szymala J., Rogatchevski A.

Kwartalnik Filmowy

|

2020

|

issue 112 Polski dokument, polska animacja

161-180

PL

W 2020 r. minęła 100. rocznica zawarcia traktatu svalbardzkiego, na mocy którego archipelag ten przyznano Norwegii. Polska podpisała go w 1931 r. W roku następnym rozpoczęły się polskie wyprawy polarne. Ekspedycje te były związane z badaniami prowadzonymi z punktu widzenia nauk przyrodniczych, a ekipom towarzyszyli także fotografowie i/lub filmowcy. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, analiza i interpretacja materiału wizualnego, jaki pozostał po tych wyprawach, głównie filmowego. W tekście zostały omówione trzy produkcje z lat 30. (Wyspa mgieł i wichrów, Wśród mórz Arktyki oraz Do Ziemi Torella) stanowiące źródła z obszaru historii wizualnej. Filmy te mogą pomóc w studiowaniu historii nauki, zmian krajobrazu, historii cywilizacji oraz w analizowaniu badań polarnych itd.; są także ciekawym głosem na temat polskiej historiografii dotyczącej Arktyki. Autorzy tekstu poświęcają szczególną uwagę odnalezionemu w 2019 r. reportażowi Do Ziemi Torella (reż. Witold Biernawski). Istotną część opracowania stanowi zamieszczona na końcu tabela, w której znajdują się informacje o 40 polskich filmach na temat Svalbardu.

EN

Polish documentary films about Svalbard have been associated with polar research, conducted by Poles on a regular basis since the 1930s. Since then, over 30 films have been made. In their paper, the authors focus on the film reportage of the first Polish expedition to the island of Spitsbergen from 1934: Do Ziemi Torella (To Torell Land), which was found in 2019, digitized, translated into English and subtitled. They also discuss Polish experiences on the Bear Island and in Northern waters, briefly shown in Wyspa mgieł i wichrów (The Isle of Fogs and Winds) and Wśród mórz Arktyki (In Arctic Seas), both from 1937. Earlier, Polish Spitsbergen research was limited to natural sciences. They propose to approach it from the perspective of visual history side; then, the analysed films become historical sources – both in the direct and indirect sense (primary and secondary sources). Polish films about Spitsbergen can function as sources for the history of science, for landscape changes, for the history of civilization, polar research, etc. Of course, they also say a great deal about the propaganda and the image of the Arctic in Polish historiography of a given period. The article is a kind of provisional report on a broader project of (re-)discovering and sharing these films.

18

Tradycje i zakres polskich badań polarnych na przykładzie działalności Polskiej Stacji Polarnej na Spitsbergenie

60%

Dolnicki P.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica

|

2018

|

vol. 12

EN

In the paper there is presented historical outline of Polish research conducted in polar regions. An important aspect of the work is showing of contemporary involvement of Polish scientific centres in polar research indicating present state and plans for future. In the paper there is also presented functioning of polar station exemplified on the Stanisław Siedlecki Polish Polar Station in Spitsbergen. Presented material is a set of information which may be used by the teachers realizing programme content, which contemporary introduce problems of involvement of Poland in polar research to the primary schools.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rys historyczny polskich badań naukowych prowadzonych na obszarach polarnych. Ważnym aspektem pracy jest przedstawienie współczesnego zaangażowania polskich ośrodków naukowych w badania polarne, wskazanie na ich stan aktualny oraz na plany dotyczące przyszłości. W pracy przedstawiono również sposób funkcjonowania stacji polarnej na przykładzie Polskiej Stacji im. Stanisława Siedleckiego na Spitsbergenie. Prezentowany materiał jest zbiorem informacji możliwych do wykorzystania przez nauczycieli realizujących obowiązującą podstawę programową, która wprowadza do szkół podstawowych zagadnienia dotyczące zaangażowania Polski w badania polarne.

19

Przypadki Alaski i Svalbardu jako przykład odchodzenia Federacji Rosyjskiej od konceptu „szczególności Arktyki” po 24 lutego 2022 roku

60%

Damski P. P.

Przegląd Zachodni

|

2023

|

issue 1-2 (386)

171-191

EN

This article examines the rise of Russian public claim to Alaska in the US, challenging Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard. Both cases are analyzed in light of the theoretical framework of the English school of international relations, which presupposes that the international community is governed by treaty provisions and norms of conduct, as well as principles and values shared by its members. For this reason, the main part of the article focuses on the analysis of the treaty provisions and their implementation. Based on this, it was concluded that the rhetoric towards Alaska and Svalbard adopted by the Russian government represents Russia’s departure from the norms and principles constituting the Arctic regime (the so-called exceptionalism) and the implementation in the High North of foreign policy tools which, although typical for the Kremlin in other parts of the world, have not yet been applied in the Arctic. Then, in accordance with the theoretical presumptions of the English school of international relations, it was verified whether the Russian policy in the Arctic in these cases violated the principles underlying the particularity of the region established within the framework of the Arctic international society.

20

Aktywność Federacji Rosyjskiej w regionie Arktyki - wybrane problemy rywalizacji mocarstw

60%

Rzeszutko-Piotrowska M.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

|

2014

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

51-62

EN

At the end of the Soviet Union the White Sea area was probably the most technologically advanced military infrastructure in the world. Despite the political and military changes in the Arctic, it remains an area of the military activity of such powers as Denmark, Canada and Russia. In all relevant documents showing the Russian vision of the policy, a reference is made to the Arctic. The priority was to defend Russian interests in the region, through the expansion and modernization of the fleet of icebreakers, limiting military activities of other countries and securing Russia’s position on the northern sea routes. In the so-called Arctic doctrine of the Russian Federation the key elements for the protection of the interests of Russia in the High North are the following: a security resource base, maintaining the Arctic as a zone of peace and cooperation, protecting the environment and the use of the northern sea routes.

PL

Pod koniec istnienia Związku Radzieckiego rejon Morza Białego był prawdopodobnie najbardziej zaawansowaną technologicznie infrastrukturą militarną na świecie. Pomimo zmian politycznych i militarnych, Arktyka pozostaje obszarem aktywności militarnej mocarstw, m.in. Danii, Kanady, Rosji. We wszystkich istotnych dokumentach przedstawiających rosyjską wizję polityki pojawiają się odniesienia do Arktyki. Za priorytet uznano obronę interesów rosyjskich w tym regionie, m.in. poprzez rozbudowę i modernizację floty lodołamaczy, ograniczenie aktywności wojskowej innych państw, zabezpieczenie pozycji Rosji na morskich szlakach północnych. W tzw. doktrynie arktycznej Federacji Rosyjskiej jako elementy kluczowe dla ochrony interesów Rosji na Dalekiej Północy wskazano: zabezpieczenie bazy surowcowej, utrzymanie regionu Arktyki jako strefy pokoju i współpracy, ochronę środowiska naturalnego oraz wykorzystanie północnych szlaków morskich.

Refine search results

Transboundary pipelines and the Arctic: legal issues

An energy promise of democratic peace for the arctic: Russia’s case

WHY THE CULTURAL IDENTITIES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE ARCTIC ARE MORE ENDANGERED THAN THEY SEEM

Germany’s Arctic Policy – Between Economy and Ecology

Arktyka - nieodkryty spichlerz energetyczny świata

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1934 roku

Instruments of Change: Late Dorset Palaeoeskimo Drums and Shamanism on Coastal Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

Greenland – from Autonomy to (In)Dependence

Tubylcze szkolnictwo wyższe w Arktyce. Wybrane problemy i egzemplifikacje

Middle Dorset Communal Structures on Victoria Island

Spór o Grzbiet Łomonosowa na tle rosyjskich dążeń o wpływy na obszarze Arktyki

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