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1

Foreign Direct Investment Impact on Economic Indicators of the Baltic Countries

100%
Barkauskaite A., Naraskeviciute V.
Economics and Business
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2016
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vol. 28
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issue 1
61-67
EN
The foreign direct investment movement is becoming increasingly important nowadays. Various studies are conducted to determine the influence of foreign direct investments on certain countries. That is why it is important and useful to evaluate and compare how foreign direct investments affect the economic indicators of the Baltic countries - countries having similar economies. Methods used in the analysis are: logical comparative and generalization methods, systematic literature analysis and methods of mathematical statistics. The results have showed that foreign direct investments have positive influence on economies through gross domestic product and labour productivity growth in all Baltic countries, though foreign direct investments do not influence the unemployment rate in all Baltic countries
2

Investigation of Stock Market Integration in the Baltic Countries

100%
Deltuvaitė V.
Economics and Business
|
2016
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vol. 28
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issue 1
38-44
EN
Recent rapid development of the Baltic stock markets raises the question about stock market integration level in these countries. Some empirical aspects of the Baltic stock market integration have been analysed in the scientific literature, however, a comprehensive analysis on the Baltic stock market integration level is still missing. The aim of the paper is to assess the regional integration level of the Baltic stock markets. The research object is stock markets in the Baltic countries. The following research and statistical methods have been applied in this study: the systemic and comparative analysis of the scientific literature, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, dynamic conditional correlation generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model, Granger causality test, generalized impulse response analysis, Johansen cointegration test, autoregressive distributed lag model and error correction model. The main findings of this empirical study are (a) all three Baltic stock markets are closely related markets, (b) however, the Latvian stock market is more isolated at the regional level comparing to other two Baltic stock markets (c) whereas Estonian and Lithuanian stock markets are more interrelated.
3
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Financial Issues Perceived by Youth: Preliminary Survey for Financial Literacy Evaluation in the Baltics

100%
Titko J., Lace N., Polajeva T.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
75-98
EN
Financial literacy as a prerequisite of citizens’ financial well-being and, as a consequence, economic security is a hot topic not only in the academic envi-ronment, but also among the representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations. One of the most important activities realized by the government in order to enhance citizens’ financial literacy level is the implementation of the National strategy. The first step of this process is an evaluation of a current situation, which, in turn, requires a proper measurement instrument. The current research was aimed at specifying the content and the structure of the instrument, as well as to reveal the differences in perception of financial matters by students from different countries. A set of 12 financial questions was developed to detect perceived importance and complexity of financial literacy components, as well as to get financial literacy self-assessment scores. The questions were disseminated among the Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian students. The obtained results assisted to specify the content and wording of questions to be included into the financial literacy measurement instrument. Besides, revealed differences between students’ perception of financial questions allowed making conclusions about students’ self-confidence that has a great impact on financial literacy level.
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Assessing impact of base erosion and profit shifting on performance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Baltic countries

100%
Kundelis E., Legenzova R.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
|
2019
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vol. 14
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issue 2
277-293
EN
Research background: The problem of base erosion and profit shifting by multi-national corporations has been debated from different perspectives because of its multiple impact on the key actors in the economy. Studies refer to its positive impact on companies via corporate taxes saved, but its negative impact on governments via reduced tax collection. A number of empirical studies conducted in different countries support the substantial BEPS impact on company performance, but report differences in its magnitude. Other authors claim that, despite a wide range of tax avoidance opportunities available, tax avoidance is limited due to institutional measures imposed (tax audits, penalties for non-compliance) and high implementation costs. A majority of the previous empirical research covered large countries (USA, Germany) or regions (e.g. Europe), but there is a gap in the re-search assessing the BEPS impact on multinational corporations? subsidiaries? performance in countries with lower corporate income tax rates such as the Baltic countries. Purpose of the article: To assess the impact of base erosion and profit shifting on multinational corporations? subsidiaries? performance in the Baltic countries. Methods: Empirical research is conducted based on the framework employed by Hines and Rice (1994) to measure BEPS impact on company performance. Regression analysis with fixed effects was applied to a sample of 3,422 Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian subsidiaries of multinational corporations, which are characterized by low corporate tax rates.  The data for the period of 2007?2015 was retrieved from the Amadeus database. Findings & Value added: The research revealed that Baltic countries? tax differentials between multinational corporations? parent and subsidiary countries might have a significant impact on the subsidiary?s financial performance. When the tax rate differences between Baltic and the foreign countries decrease by 1%, reported profits in Baltic countries increase by 2.3%, indicating profit-shifting behaviour. This is in line with the empirical literature and practices applied by multinational corporations. It is also in favour of anti-tax avoidance measures introduced by the EC to be adopted by Baltic and other EU countries.
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MIDDLE CLASS IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES SINCE 1991

100%
Taljunaite M., Sviklas E. K.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2018
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issue 2
7-27
EN
The article presents the analysis of social identifications of Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) population with middle class position between 1991 and 2012. The forms of social identification in different periods of formation of the Baltic countries are analyzed in the context of the dominant ideologies or theories and national self-identification complexity is investigated. The class structure in all Baltic countries is changing. The analysis of social structure in different countries moves mainly in parallel to each other but the data is not strictly comparable neither by themes, nor by sample for each country. Sociologists are no longer surprised of the efforts of researchers in various countries undergoing rapid transitions or transformations to provide new meanings to the concepts of the middle class taking into account peculiarities and history of their respective countries. This article also aims at analyzing social identity of the people of the Baltic countries at the beginning of their formation and further as well. Different surveys are discussed in this article. Since 1991, until now, after the restoration of the independence of the Baltic countries, a number of sociological studies has been carried out to analyze the emerging post-Soviet social structure of society. In practice, every research carried out differed both in methodological and method’s approaches. The aim of this article is to analyze the existing social stratification in the Baltic countries on the basis of sociological studies of the middle class, emphasizing the middle class as the main guarantor of creating a modern society. The novelty of the article is that it makes an attempt to use the data of different, multidimensional researches to discover commonalities or peculiarities of the middle class formation and self-identification with middle class position in the Baltic countries. The analysis has also shown that the identity of the middle class remains the strongest on all stages of formation of the Baltic countries, while only the content and the understanding of the middle class differ. Dominant tendencies of the middle class formation in the Baltic countries are connected with transformations and changes taking place within working class and intelligence. It has been revealed that the Baltic countries middle class is far from being homogeneous.
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Effect of macroeconomic business environment on the development of corporate social responsibility in Baltic Countries and Slovakia

88%
Krajnakova E., Navickas V., Kontautiene R.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue 3
477-492
EN
Research background: Fluctuations in economic activity forced companies to change the traditional methods of organization and management and to search for new tools, knowledge, resources and competences in order to strengthen their positions. This has particularly intensified debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) not only between business people, but also between pieces of research,  industry leaders and government representatives. The ongoing global ecologic crisis quickened discussions about how the alternation of macroeconomic business environment influences the development of CSR. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to investigate how the changes in macroeconomic business environment influence the development of socially responsible activities in Baltic Countries and Slovakia. Methods: A statistical analysis of secondary data was used in order to reanalyse the data for the purpose of gaining new insights. The objectives of statistical analysis in this paper were twofold: firstly, to identify the challenges in macroeconomic business environment; secondly, to explore the development of socially responsible activities in different countries. The research period covered the years 2006-2016. The choice of this period is determined by data availability. Findings & Value added: The authors found that economic conditions may diversely affect the development of different dimensions of CSR. Even in unfavourable macroeconomic conditions companies continue to be involved in socially responsible actions because of long-run CSR benefits. The analysis is useful at an international level because it justified the development of socially responsible businesses in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, and has provided an opportunity to assess the tendencies of CSR development during the different period of economic cycle.
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The comparative analysis of the main indicators of the Baltic states economic development in the conditions of the European integration

88%
Tsaurkubule Z., Vishnevskaja A.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
|
2017
|
issue 466
223-235
EN
The article examines the ways of three Baltic States development in the context of European integration. It considers some aspects of economy, especially the development and utilization of opportunities of the European market. It also estimates the prospects of foreign direct investment uses and the creation of the most favored environment for business development. It marks the difference in economic management principles, which enabled Estonia to lead the three Baltic countries, and Lithuania to rank second. Insufficient activity of Latvia in the development of those industries that are able to create a product with high added value is noted. The conclusion is drawn that, overall, the prospects for further development of the three Baltic countries are related to ensuring the high quality and productivity, ensuring competitiveness of production and productive transformation of the limited manpower resources.
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Gender and Re-partnering after Divorce in Four Central European and Baltic Countries

88%
Maslauskaitė A., Baublytė M.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2015
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vol. 51
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issue 6
1023-1047
EN
This article analyses the demographic and social determinants of repartnering after divorce in four Baltic and Central European transition countries (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary), which, despite their common transition paths after the 1990s, developed distinct political economies and have different gender and family cultures. The article explores how the re-partnering chances of divorced women and men are shaped by the social divisions of gender, parenthood, age, and education within various transition- society contexts. In general, the findings support the argument about the relevance and mediating role of the societal context in the process of re-partnering. Although we found an overall gender disadvantage in re-partnering across all countries, in more traditional contexts, parenthood undermines the chances of re-partnering for women but not for men. The negative effect of older age for re-partnering after divorce is almost universal for men, but is context-sensitive for women. Education does not affect women’s chances of re-partnering, but it does play a significant role in the attractiveness of men in more traditional settings. The analysis is based on the partnership and parenthood histories recorded in the Generations and Gender Survey.
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Marian Biskup i „Zapiski Historyczne”. Wokół początków umiędzynarodowienia czasopisma

75%
Dybaś B.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 4
5-37
EN
“Zapiski Historyczne” is one of the most important historical journals in Poland, and its distinguishing feature is the focus on the history of the Baltic Region, as well as an insight into the achievements of international historiography with respect to this area. The internationalisation of the journal through the publication of articles by foreign authors is associated with the period when Marian Biskup (1922–2012) was the journal’s editor-in-chief (1958 to 2003). The first articles by foreign authors were published in 1962–1963, and in 1968 “Zapiski Historyczne” became officially a journal of international acclaim. This phenomenon has been present in the existing literature on the subject, notably in articles published in connection with successive anniversaries of the journal. On the one hand, the article presents a compilation of articles by foreign authors during M. Biskup’s tenure in the journal, complete with the analysis of these articles in each period, and on the other hand, based on the scientific enquiries in archival materials (written by M. Biskup, the files of Toruń Society of Arts and Sciences), an attempt was made to capture the main aspects of the internationalisation of the journal: the extent to which it was a conscious and consistently implemented concept, the mechanisms of obtaining texts (based on M. Biskup’s international contacts), as well as editorial, organizational and communication problems that were encountered in the translation and processing of texts by foreign authors.
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INCOME INEQUALITY EVALUATION IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES: PUBLIC OPINION, PREFERENCES AND VALUES

75%
Skuciene D.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2018
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issue 2
28-41
EN
Upon regaining their independence, the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) chose the neoliberal welfare development path, which served as an impetus for the increase in income inequality and poverty in the Baltic countries. The welfare policy is generally based on public opinion and support, hence analyses of the public opinion on income inequality that results from the neoliberal welfare policy and societal values related with redistribution of income can serve as one of the factors explaning why the neoliberal welfare policy has been viable in the region. Commonly the relation between the welfare regime and population attitudes and values is defined as a two-way process. Theories of culture proposed by Inglehart, Hofstede G., Hofstede G.J. and Minkov provide insights into how the cultures of the Baltic countries have been shaping preferences for equality. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the public opinion, views on income inequality and values of the people in the Baltic countries in relation to redistribution of income. To achieve the main goal, the current study uses secondary Eurostat data of 2006ñ2016, primary Eurobarometer data of 2006ñ2017 as well as data from the representative survey (face-to-face interviews) in the Baltic countries of 2016 realized by the company “Spinter research”. The targeted group in the Baltic countries was the population of age 18 and over drawn through probability sampling (the study included 1000 people from Estonia, 1063 from Latvia and 1011 from Lithuania). The study also uses the European Value Study 2008 data. Evaluation of differences in opinions and values was carried out by means of relevant statistical analyses which suggest that the values of equality/solidarity and individual responsibility were in line with the main principles of the neoliberal welfare policy because equality and solidarity are not important values in a society characterized by a preference for freedom and invidual efforts. However, the evaluation of income inequality resulting from the neoliberal welfare policy revealed a dissatisfaction of inhabitants in the region and their preference for a more equal or an absolutely equal society.
11

Polska a bałtycka koncepcja polityki integracyjnej w Regionie Morza Bałtyckiego na początku XX i XXI wieku

63%
Runiewicz-Jasińska R.
Przegląd Europejski
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2012
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issue 1(24)
137–169
PL
W celu uświadomienia sobie znaczenia najważniejszych wydarzeń historycznych i istoty współczesnych inicjatyw w ramach Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego ( RMB ) niniejszy artykuł porusza następujące kwestie: ¬– wysiłki polskiej dyplomacji zmierzające do stworzenia stabilnej formy politycznej i militarnej współpracy w subregionie Morza Bałtyckiego i Europy Wschodniej w okresie międzywojennym, – nieudaną próbę integracji Potrójnej Bałtyckiej Ententy przez Kraje bałtyckie (Litwę, Łotwę, Estonię) – przedstawienie czynników determinujących skuteczne i udane partnerstwo pojawiające się w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego na początku XXI wieku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem inicjatyw podejmowanych przez Polskę i państwa bałtyckie; – starania Polski i państw bałtyckich, aby wspólnie stworzyć "jedność braterstwa" w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego. Na samym końcu artykułu przedstawiono analizę polskiej polityki zagranicznej z początku wieku oraz ogólne wytyczne dla nowo powstałych krajów bałtyckich (Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia).
XX
In order to realize the meaning of the major historical events and the essence of contemporary initiatives in the context of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR),this paper identifies the following issues: – efforts of the Polish diplomacy to create a stable form of political and military cooperation in the subregion of the Baltic Sea and Eastern European region in the interwar period; – not a successful attempt to integrate The Triple Baltic Entente by the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia); – presentation of the factors that determine the effective and successful partnerships emerging in the BSR in the early twenty-first century, with particular emphasis on the initiatives taken by Poland and Baltic states; – efforts of Poland and the Baltic states to jointly cope with the formation of „unity of brotherhood” in BSR. Last but least, the article presents an analysis of the Polish foreign policy at the beginning of the century and the general directives for the newly established Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia).
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Odstraszanie militarne oraz odporność strategiczna państw w rejonie północno-wschodniej flanki NATO

63%
Śliwa Z., Wojciechowski S.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
|
2021
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vol. 49
|
issue 2
71-86
EN
The threats to European security have become the subject of discussions and actions taken by states and NATO because of using military forces Russia’s to change state borders after 2008. In response to the new situation, deterrence, building national and strategic resilience to military and non-military threats have gained importance again. It was especially true regarding NATO’s eastern flank as being directly threatened by the possibility of hybrid and potentially military engagements. The article aims to present the implementation of deterrence and strategic resilience concepts, especially concerning the activities of NATO and the Baltic countries. A preliminary assessment shows that the arrangements are adequate but require further actions and investments. The article was developed utilizing qualitative methods of analysis, synthesis and case study referring to the theory and practice of the deliberated issues.
PL
Zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa europejskiego stały się ponownie przedmiotem dyskusji i działań podejmowanych przez państwa i NATO w następstwie użycia przez Rosję sił militarnych dla zmiany granic państwowych po 2008 roku. W reakcji na nową sytuację problematyka odstraszania i budowania narodowej oraz organizacyjnej odporności strategicznej na zagrożenia militarne i niemilitarne nabrała szczególnego znaczenia, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do wschodniej flanki NATO. Państwa graniczące z Rosją są bezpośrednio zagrożone możliwością użycia przez nią sił zbrojnych, znajdują się również pod jej presją w ramach działań hybrydowych. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie teoretycznych podstaw koncepcji odstraszania i odporności na przykładzie działań NATO i krajów bałtyckich w tym zakresie. Pomimo to, iż wstępna ocena omawianej problematyki wykazuje skuteczność działań, to jednak wymagają one dalszego doskonalenia i inwestowania w rozbudowę określonych zdolności obronnych. Artykuł opracowano, wykorzystując metody jakościowe odnoszące się do teorii i praktyki prezentowanej problematyki.
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The Faces of Estonian Sovietisation: A Look Back. Notes on the publication: Sovietisation and violence: the case of Estonia. 2018. Tartu: University of Tartu Press, ed. Meelis Saueauk, Toomas Hiio. Proceedings of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory. Eesti Mälu Instituudi toimetised 1 (2018). 335 pp. ISBN 9789949778249. ISSN 2613–5981

51%
Bułhak W.
Institute of National Remembrance Review
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2021-2022
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vol. 3
371-397
EN
This article critically discusses the publication entitled Sovietisation and violence: the case of Estonia, edited by Meelis Saueauk and Toomas Hiio, published in 2018 by the University of Tartu Press as the first volume of the Proceedings of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory series. The author of this article refers in detail to several of the studies and articles published in the volume, most of which were written by researchers associated with its publisher, the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory. In terms of content, as the reviewer notes, the publication’s aim is to introduce the international academic reader to the topic of the forced Sovietisation of Estonia in the 20th century. The author will attempt to assess to what extent the discussed volume lives up to the hopes placed in it. Overall, he concludes that despite all the errors and omissions noted, the publication’s desired aim was achieved, while also showing the above-named institution’s potential as a scholarly research unit with ambitions reaching beyond the local academic market.
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AKTYWNOŚĆ ZAWODOWA OSÓB W WIEKU 50+ W KRAJACH BAŁTYCKICH (ESTONIA, LITWA, ŁOTWA) W LATACH 1998–2017

51%
Banaś D.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2019
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vol. 46
|
issue 11-12(548-549)
27-34
EN
In most countries around the world we can observe the problem of population aging. Cause of this phenomenon, new policies are being implemented, which take into account additional factors, not only demographic but also ex. culturalic. Their goal is primarily to increase the activation of people of working age. More and more people receive social benefi ts, which are fi nanced from the pay-as-you-go part of contributions paid by employees, and the number of professionally active people decreases. This is caused not only by the retirement of people from the baby boomers generation, but also by a gradual decline in the number of births, which in the long term will aff ect the labour market through fewer people of working age. In addition, reforms aimed at, among others, delaying in many countries around the world. increasing the retirement age. The goal of this article is to present the situation of people over 50 years of age on the labour market in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia). The author hypothesised: the motivation to extend professional activity depends on the provisions in the pension system, among others possibilities of early retirement, bonuses for longer work experience. The publication uses a critical analysis of the literature on the subject and measures of descriptive statistics. Comparative analysis was used to implement the goal. The sources of empirical data are statistical offi ces of individual countries, as well as Eurostat and OECD.
PL
W większości państw na świecie można zaobserwować problem, jakim jest starzenie się populacji. Z powodu tego zjawiska wdrażane są nowe polityki, podczas kształtowania których uwzględniane są dodatkowe czynniki, nie tylko demograficzne, ale również kulturowe. Ich celem jest przede wszystkim większa aktywizacja osób w wieku produkcyjnym. Coraz więcej osób pobiera świadczenia społeczne, które finansowane są z repartycyjnej części składek odprowadzanych przez pracowników, a liczba osób aktywnych zawodowo maleje. Spowodowane jest to nie tylko przechodzeniem na emeryturę osób z pokolenia baby boomers, ale także stopniowym spadkiem liczby urodzeń, co w perspektywie długoterminowej wpłynie na rynek pracy przez mniejszą liczbę osób w wieku produkcyjnym. Dodatkowo w wielu państwach na świecie opóźnia się reformy mające na celu m.in. podwyższenie wieku uprawniającego do przejścia na emeryturę. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie sytuacji osób starszych (powyżej 50 roku życia) na rynku pracy w krajach bałtyckich (Estonia, Litwa i Łotwa). Autor zweryfikował hipotezę, że motywacja do wydłużenia aktywności zawodowej zależy od uwarunkowań systemu emerytalnego, tj. możliwości wcześniejszego przejścia na emeryturę i premii za dłuższy staż pracy. W artykule zastosowano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu oraz miary statystyki opisowej. Wykorzystano także analizę komparatywną. Źródłem danych empirycznych są urzędy statystyczne poszczególnych państw, a także Eurostat i OECD.
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Макроэкономическая нестабильность в странах Балтии

38%
Кочетков Ю., Машарский А.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2023
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issue 2
25-44
RU
Для населения любой страны наиболее желательным является стабильное развитие экономики, относительно полная занятость и устойчивый уровень цен. В реальной жизни экономическое развитие всегда связано с нарушениями равновесия и циклическими колебаниями, вызванными различными факторами: изменения политической ситуации, войны, совершенствования материалов, технологий и др. С циклическими колебаниями связана занятость населения и явление безработицы. В большинстве стран, включая страны Балтии, по разным причинам фактическая безработица часто превышает естественный уровень, что вызывает экономические потери из-за увеличения невыпущенной продукции, согласно закону А. Оукена. Сопоставление и анализ макроэкономических показателей трех стран Балтии является актуальной задачей данного исследования, учитывая неравномерность развития их экономик и разное положение в рейтингах стран Евросоюза. Объектом исследования являются макроэкономические показатели стран Балтии. Цель исследования: на основе анализа макроэкономической нестабильности проверить гипотезу о том, что разный уровень экономического развития этих государств во многом объясняется разным качеством управленческого подхода к экономике. Новизна исследования заключается в комплексном подходе к анализу и сопоставлению основных показателей макроэкономической нестабильности в странах Балтии, что позволило сделать выводы о причинах отставания одних стран и успехов других, несмотря на идентичность условий развития. Проведенный анализ изменения основных макроэкономических показателей стран Балтии показал, что практически по всем показателям страны Балтии развиваются достаточно синхронно. Неравномерность развития экономик характеризуется разными темпами роста: так уровни ВВП на одного работающего и на одного жителя в Эстонии гораздо больше, чем в Латвии и в Литве. С другой стороны, численность населения в Латвии и в Литве постоянно сокращается из-за миграции работоспособной части населения в другие страны Евросоюза. В Эстонии численность населения в последние годы практически не меняется. Это говорит о том, что в Эстонии население в большей степени удовлетворено социально-экономическими условиями работы и проживания, чем в других странах. В решении проблемы по достижению макроэкономической стабилизации в стране первостепенная роль принадлежит государству. Государство должно делать все необходимое для обеспечения доступных кредитов на развитие производства и внедрение достижений технического прогресса. Это обеспечит в дальнейшем повышение уровня и качества жизни населения страны, решит проблемы нехватки рабочей силы и специалистов.
LV
Jebkuras valsts iedzīvotājiem visvēlamākā ir stabila ekonomikas attīstība, relatīvi pilna nodarbinātība un noturīgs cenu līmenis. Reālajā dzīvē ekonomiskā attīstība vienmēr ir saistīta ar līdzsvara traucējumiem un dažādu faktoru izraisītām cikliskām svārstībām: politiskās situācijas, kara, materiālu pilnveidošanas, tehnoloģiju u.c. izmaiņas ar cikliskām svārstībām saistās iedzīvotāju nodarbinātība un bezdarba parādība. Lielākajā daļā valstu, ieskaitot Baltijas valstis, dažādu iemeslu dēļ faktiskais bezdarbs bieži pārsniedz dabisko līmeni, kas rada ekonomiskus zaudējumus neizlaistās produkcijas palielināšanās dēļ, saskaņā ar A.Oukena likumu. Triju Baltijas valstu makroekonomisko rādītāju salīdzināšana un analīze ir šī pētījuma aktuāls uzdevums, ņemot vērā to ekonomiku attīstības nevienmērīgumu un atšķirīgo stāvokli Eiropas Savienības valstu reitingos. Pētījuma objekts ir Baltijas valstu makroekonomiskie rādītāji. Pētījuma mērķis: pamatojoties uz makroekonomiskās nestabilitātes analīzi, pārbaudīt hipotēzi, ka šo valstu atšķirīgais ekonomiskās attīstības līmenis lielā mērā skaidrojams ar atšķirīgo pārvaldes pieejas ekonomikai kvalitāti. Pētījuma novitāte ir kompleksa pieeja makroekonomiskās nestabilitātes pamat rādītāju analīzei un salīdzināšanai Baltijas valstīs, kas ļāva izdarīt secinājumus par vienas valsts atpalicības iemesliem un citu panākumiem, neraugoties uz attīstības apstākļu identitāti. Veiktā Baltijas valstu galveno makroekonomisko rādītāju izmaiņu analīze liecina, ka praktiski pēc visiem rādītājiem Baltijas valstis attīstās pietiekami sinhroni. Ekonomiku attīstības nevienmērību raksturo dažādi izaugsmes tempi: tā IKP līmeņi uz vienu strādājošo un uz vienu iedzīvotāju Igaunijā ir daudz lielāki nekā Latvijā un Lietuvā. No otras puses, iedzīvotāju skaits Latvijā un Lietuvā pastāvīgi samazinās, jo darbaspējīgā iedzīvotāju daļa migrē uz citām Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstīm. Igaunijā iedzīvotāju skaits pēdējos gados praktiski nemainās. Tas liecina, ka Igaunijā iedzīvotāji ir lielākā mērā apmierināti ar darba un dzīvošanas sociālekonomiskajiem apstākļiem nekā citās valstīs. Problēmas risināšanā makroekonomiskās stabilizācijas panākšanai valstī primārā loma ir valstij. Valstij jādara viss nepieciešamais, lai nodrošinātu pieejamos kredītus ražošanas attīstībai un tehniskā progresa sasniegumu ieviešanai. Tas turpmāk nodrošinās valsts iedzīvotāju dzīves līmeņa un kvalitātes celšanos, risinās darbaspēka un speciālistu trūkuma problēmas.
EN
For the population of any country, the most desirable thing is stable economic development, relatively full employment and a stable price level. In real life, economic development is always associated with imbalances and cyclical fluctuations caused by various factors: changes in the political situation, war, improvement of materials, technologies, etc. Employment and the phenomenon of unemployment are associated with cyclical fluctuations. In most countries, including the Baltic countries, for various reasons, actual unemployment often exceeds the natural level, which causes economic losses due to an increase in unreleased output, according to A. Okun's law. Comparison and analysis of macroeconomic indicators of the three Baltic countries is an urgent task of this study, given the uneven development of their economies and different positions in the ratings of European Union countries. The object of the study is the macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic countries. Purpose of the study: based on an analysis of macroeconomic instability, to test the hypothesis that the different levels of economic development of these states are largely explained by the different quality of the managerial approach to the economy. The novelty of the study lies in an integrated approach to the analysis and comparison of the main indicators of macroeconomic instability in the Baltic countries, which made it possible to draw conclusions about the reasons for the lag of some countries and the success of others, despite the identical development conditions. The analysis of changes in the main macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic countries showed that in almost all indicators the Baltic countries are developing quite synchronously. The uneven development of economies is characterized by different growth rates: thus, the levels of GDP per worker and per resident in Estonia are much higher than in Latvia and Lithuania. On the other hand, the population in Latvia and Lithuania is constantly declining due to the migration of the working population to other EU countries. In Estonia, the population has remained virtually unchanged in recent years. This suggests that in Estonia the population is more satisfied with the socio-economic conditions of work and living than in other countries. In solving the problem of achieving macroeconomic stabilization in the country, the primary role belongs to the state. The state must do everything necessary to provide affordable loans for the development of production and the introduction of technological progress. This will further improve the level and quality of life of the country’s population and solve the problems of shortage of labor and specialists.
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