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EN
The article compares the two versions of the novel Sotnikau written by leading Belarusian writer Wasyl Bykau. This novel was published in the Belorussian magazine „Połymia” (1970/11). First, author’s version, which was titled Lequidation, changed significantly by the censorship – it has been done about a hundred cuts and abbrevioations. The novel received another title – Sotnikau (the name of main character). As a result the Belarusian censors changed the author’s intentions.
EN
This paper takes a relevance-theoretical approach to the English translation of “Дзікае паляванне караля Стаха” (1964), the Belarusian novel written by Uladzìmìr Karatkevìč – “King Stakh’s Wild Hunt” (translated by Mary Mintz, 1989). In doing so, it proposes a different perspective on the alleged ‘untranslatability’ of minority literature. The analysis takes into account various procedures applied to the different elements of the novel and reveals that Mintz makes strategic choices aimed at choosing the best solution for each problem individually.
PL
The article compares the two versions of the novel Sotnikau written by leading Belarusian writer Wasyl Bykau. This novel was published in the Belorussian magazine „Połymia” (1970/11). First, author’s version, which was titled Lequidation, changed significantly by the censorship – it has been done about a hundred cuts and abbrevioations. The novel received another title – Sotnikau (the name of main character). As a result the Belarusian censors changed the author’s intentions.
EN
The article explores ontological prerequisites of the manifestation and localization in language/discourse the identity category as a fundamental notion of human activity constituting existential contexts of language usage. The article discusses pragmatic senses embodied in various textual usage of pronoun that. The article emphasizes the importance of this pronoun and the identity senses manifested by it in creation of the language nominative base, including both descriptive objectively oriented statements (periphrasal descriptions) and performative units (proper names and expressions). Identity is seen as the initial point of the categorization of the world through language, which is the attempt to unify numerous impressions from reality, as the essential and dominating prerequisite of abstract thinking opening way to reduce various manifestations of supranational thinking substance to an average – the one, as the major component and the most expressive element of human spiritual culture embodied in various kinds of texts. The preservation of realia identity is connected with the category of truth, which is a fundamental category for understanding and interpretation of the real world and a basic category of perception and recording of phenomenal manifestations of reality nominatively fixed in a language. There is a relation between the act of nominative identification of reality phenomena with etymologic aspects of linguistic fact interpretation, with co-reference, which a phenomenon common in non-discourse speech of referential identity. The etymologically relevant language phenomena connected with archaisation are contrasted with numerous historic changes of linguistic forms that systematic and functional linguistic elements undergo in the process of their functioning.
EN
A missing chain? On the sociolinguistics of the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaThe article critically assesses the theory of communicative networks and its applicability in the study of multilingualism as found in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The author analyzes foundations for postulating the existence of a speech community in the GDL and adduces counterarguments against viewing this community as a linguistic alliance of the Balkan type. The article offers new sociolinguistic and areal-typological methods of the study of language contacts. The author substantiates a systematic approach toward the problem of the ethnic attribution of Ruthenian. Based on the literary, linguistic, and cultural parameters, the author offers to drop the term ‘Old (Middle) Belarusian’ or ‘Old (Middle) Ukrainian’ in reference to this language. Brakujące ogniwo? Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie w świetle socjolingwistykiW artykule poddano krytycznej analizie teorię sieci komunikacyjnych i jej zastosowanie w badaniach nad wielojęzycznością na terenie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (dalej WKL). Autor rozpatruje podstawy zarówno postulowania istnienia wspólnoty językowej w WKL, jak i kontrargumenty przemawiające przeciwko postrzeganiu tej wspólnoty jako sojuszu językowego na wzór bałkański. Artykuł podaje nowe metody socjolingwistyczne i przestrzenno-typologiczne w badaniach kontaktu języków. Autor uzasadnia systemiczne podejście do zagadnienia etnicznej atrybucji języka rusińskiego. Na podstawie wskazań literaturoznawczych, językoznawczych i kulturowych postuluje zaniechanie posługiwania się w odniesieniu do tego języka terminami ‘staro-(średnio-) białoruski’ lub ‘staro-(średnio-)ukraiński’.
EN
The language situation in Belarus is atypical in many respects and difficult to grasp theoretically: for its analysis, it is particularly important to consider the internal perspective, i.e. attitudes towards the language. The aim of the study is to develop an interdisciplinary set of analytical instruments for the discursive determination and detailed description of (language) attitudes by integrating a socio-psychological attitude model and a discourse-linguistic topos-based multi-level analysis. This tool can be used to record the contradictory construct of the national language in collective thinking in Belarus and to gain knowledge on how to design language planning activities in the country. The identified discursive argumentation architecture can serve as a reference base when setting up argumentation typologies in relation to non-dominant national languages. The research model created is intended to allow each social discipline to engage in a differentiated examination of attitudes towards all discursively present socially relevant objects in a generalized manner.
EN
The article singles out the defining element of the Orthodox singing practice – liturgical. The example of the Belarusian Orthodox liturgical singing practice shows the result of assimilation of introduced (new) traditions into culture. The Byzantine type of liturgical singing and the intonational content of the Slavonic early-traditional (folklore) singing practices became the basis of the famous chant. Understanding this phenomenon makes it possible to restore the intonational features of the ancient canonical liturgical singing practice. The change in the cultural paradigm in the culture of the Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries led to a gradual change in the intonational content of the liturgical singing practice of the Eastern Christian tradition and the birth of a new choral style. New changes occurred in the 19th century and are associated with the unification of Belarusian and Russian liturgical singing practices. The author analyzes the result of the interaction of the Byzantine, folklore, Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox traditions, which characterizes the modern Belarusian Orthodox liturgical singing practice.
EN
In Belarusian, different types of German loans are found. However, most of them did not come directly from German, but were passed on to Belarusian by other languages such as Polish, or later in history, Russian. In many cases, the path is unclear, especially with German loans found in all three Slavic languages mentioned. Apart from this, some of the (alleged) Germanisms are already loans in German itself, and hence could have taken different ways into Belarusian. This paper criticises older studies which comment on quantitative aspects of German loans in Belarusian, neglecting the “etymological” heterogeneity of the elements. Instead, an (approximate) quantitative analysis of German loans in Belarusian is offered, concentrating on those elements with Germanic etymology most probably mediated by Polish, the undoubtedly largest subset of Germanisms in Belarusian.
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