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Modernismus a Brentanova koncepce etiky

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EN
This articles attempts to confront “modernism” with Brentano’s rationalism, or rather his “rational theism”, especially as it is found in the work “On the origin of moral knowledge” in which ethical questions are closely linked to problems of religion. “Modernism” we characterise as basically an attempt to emancipate humanity by the power of a presuppositionless, critical Reason, which considers, in a new way, questions which were still “taboo” even during the enlightenment. In Brentano we start from the concepts of God and Love. In understanding them a whole raft of epistemological and methodological theses are involved, characteristic of Brentano practically from the time of his Psychologie… until his late work. One of our key conclusions is that Franz Brentano remained, with his rationalist belief in Providence, a critical follower of G. W. Leibniz and a “classic” modernist of the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth.
EN
The paper is an attempt, both factographic and methodological, to compare the uncomparable: a Swiss philosopher and a Czech linguist, and thereby even two disciplines. Although both of them lived in Prague, the Swiss Anton Marty and the Czech Vilém Mathesius, with an age difference of 35 years between them, their paths do not seem to have crossed very much, if at all. Reports about their contacts on Marty’s part are non-existent, and there is only one mention made by Mathesius, which suggests that they had only a passing knowledge of one another. Marty was a philosopher, later placed among phenomenologists, with a strong psychologizing bent, who also concerned himself with linguistic topics and whose sources of inspiration were clearly philosophy and psychology. In contrast, Mathesius draws primarily on the work of contemporary European linguists. The paper briefly reviews the relevant parts of their work, especially with the aim of confirming or refuting the claim (made by Leška) that Mathesius was to some extent indebted to and influenced by Marty. The search has revealed very little by way of influence, i.e. little sense of the two having something in common or shared.
EN
This paper is a part of a project devoted to Brentano’s Aristotelian writings. I concentrate on his habilitation about Aristotle’s psychology, and especially on how he understood Aristotle’s division of mental life into three levels as well as the functions typical for these levels. I analyze two notions that Brentano introduces in his account: Zwischenglieder, meaning intermediary “levels” within the soul enabling smooth passages between the vegetative soul and sensory soul and between the latter and intellectual soul; and Gottverwandtschaft, i.e. human kinship with God, which is possible thanks to the noblest part of the soul. I also introduce two metaphors of the soul: cake-metaphor and fabric-metaphor.
PL
Tekst ma na celu bliższe zapoznanie Czytelnika z otwierającą cykl Aristotelica pracą doktorską Franza Brentano Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862), która znana jest głównie z tego, że miała zainspirować młodego Martina Heideggera i sprawić, że zajął się filozofią. Tekst bada naturę i siłę tej inspiracji. Część pierwsza opowiada historię powstania Von der mannigfachen … oraz przedstawia szerszy kontekst zetknięcia się Heideggera z filozofią Brentana, a także stara się przedstawić Heideggera na tle jego pozostałych uczniów (Kazimierz Twardowski, Edmund Husserl, Alexius Meinong, Carl Stumpf, Anton Marty, et al.). Część druga omawia piętnaście tez o bycie, które stanowią sedno dzieła O wielorakim znaczeniu bytu u Arystotelesa i tym samym umożliwia porównanie tomistycznej w duchu ontologii Brentana z ontologią fundamentalną Heideggera, o czym traktuje część trzecia. Część trzecia stara się również zweryfikować faktyczną wysokość „długu”, jaki Heidegger miał u Brentana zaciągnąć i odpowiedzieć na pytanie, do jakiego stopnia, o ile w ogóle, Martina Heideggera możemy nazwać „brentanistą”.
EN
The text aims to acquaint the Reader with Franz Brentano’s doctoral dissertation Von der man- nig fachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862), which opens the Aristotelica series and that is known to have inspired young Heidegger to become a philosopher. The text analyses the nature and scope of this inspiration. The first part tells the story of the book’s origin and tries to provide a bigger picture for Heidegger’s acquaintance with Brentano’s philosophy as well as presenting him against the background of Brentano’s other students (Kazimierz Twar- dowski, Edmund Husserl, Alexius Meinong , Carl Stumpf, Anton Marty, et al. ). The second part describes the famous 15 theses on being, which are the heart of the book On the several senses of being in Aristotle , and thus enables a comparison of Brentano’s Thomistic ontolog y with the fundamental ontolog y of Heidegger. And this comparison is the subject of part three, which also tries to verify to what extent Heidegger was in fact indebted to Brentano and whether we can call him a ‘brentanist’ at all
Studia Religiologica
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2012
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vol. 45
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issue 3
173–182
EN
This text aims to show that the core of human divinity according to Aristotle is exercising the divine mind for its own sake. Being happy and thus divine is auto-teleological, and must not be reduced to any sort of instrumental value. This reading of Aristotle excludes the theist interpretations of Prime Mover as well as the attempts at identifying the human mind with God, mainly because both these (different) interpretations seem to make auto-teleological bios theoretikos impossible. The first do this by introducing the divine provision which makes people act for God’s sake and not for their own sake. The others reduce the special status of humans by taking away the divine part, in my opinion being the sine qua non condition of the concept of human divinity. All the interpretations of human divinity which I have presented above can be useful nowadays in the ethical, (bio)ethical, social or even political discourse. This shows that the history of philosophy is not only about the past, but also about the future.
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