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PL
Głównymi celami Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego od początku istnienia są stanie na straży stabilności systemu walutowego na świecie i wspieranie krajów o trudnej sytuacji płatniczej poprzez udostępnienie odpowiedniego finansowania. Tym samym niepisaną funkcję Funduszu stanowią odgrywanie roli globalnego opiekuna rządów popadających w finansowe tarapaty i występowanie na arenie międzynarodowej jako pożyczkodawca ostatniej instancji. Przykłady kryzysów finansowych w krajach członkowskich świadczą jednak o tym, że polityka Funduszu nie zawsze okazuje się skuteczna i może prowadzić wręcz do destabilizacji na rynkach ze względu na zjawisko pokusy nadużycia. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych problemów, jakie wiążą się z pełnioną przez MFW funkcją globalnego pożyczkodawcy ostatniej instancji. W podsumowaniu autor podejmuje także wątki zmian i reform MFW, dzięki którym instytucja ta mogłaby lepiej odpowiadać na potrzeby i oczekiwania zmieniającego się świata, a tym samym posiadać społeczny mandat do stania na straży normalnie funkcjonującej gospodarki rynkowej w warunkach globalnych.
EN
The main purpose of the International Monetary Fund is, for the very beginning, maintain balanced growth of the world economy by establishing exchange rate stability, elimination of the shortage of international liquidity and providing financial assistance for overcoming economic crisis. Therefore, the unwritten function of IMF is to play a parental role for governments in financial trouble and to act as a global Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). Examples of economic crisis in its member countries show that IMF policy might however lead to financial, social and political instabilities due, among other things, to the moral hazard phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to reconsider the role of IMF, taking into account that Funds policies very often run counter to its own objectives and to the general rules of standard market economies.
EN
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank, was created together with the International Monetary Fund at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. Articles of Agreement, signed by the countries participating in the conference, defined five major regulations of the existence of the Bank. Those regulations soon proved to be insufficient and the new institution had to face many organizational problems which limited the role of the President of the Bank leaving it unable to make any loan decisions. The task of changing this situation was taken up by John McCloy, who acted as the Bank's president between 1947 and 1949. This article examines the policy of the World Bank during its first years, in which it could not stay indifferent to the changing political realities in international relations, such as the implementation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The article reassesses the role of the World Bank in international relations after 1945, presents hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, correspondence between John McCloy and Harry Truman and between McCloy and Averell Harriman from the Economic Cooperation Administration, established to administer the Marshall Plan in Europe.
EN
In this essay, I argue that the contemporary world scene is characterized by a growing sense of conflict, disorganization, and fragmentation of previous unities and alliances. I also argue that any serious attempt to address these issues would have to focus on the following broad areas of concern: (1) the challenge of global political instability; (2) the challenge of promoting a more positive approach to regionalism; (3) the challenge of global poverty and inequality; (4) the challenge of human displacement; and (5) the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation.
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