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EN
Enterprises willing to achieve a competitive advantage have to be socially responsible. Thus, Polish entrepreneurs face numerous challenges, which are going to be discussed by the article. Among most significant are: the understanding of the idea of social responsibility, the development of a positive attitude towards actions in that range, engaging in a dialogue with stakeholders, formulating the strategy of social responsibility, appointing the person responsible for realization of this strategy, caring for responsible treatment of employees, and finally, verification of actions connected with this activity and preparing social reports.
EN
The article presents an insight into the old age pension system in Belgium. The introduction is followed by four topic paragraphs: 1. the general information about the country, 2. the historical development of its pension system, 3. the present situation, and 4. challenges and foreseen changes. There, the author's goal was to present both past and present solutions employed by the Belgium pension system, in search for ideas worth consideration in international comparisons. In the summary, the author highlights as a particular Belgian approach, on the background of other countries, the fact of existing in the Belgian reality the Office of the Pension Mediations (fr. Service de mediation pensions).
EN
Process of integration create new challenges with European Union concerning principle function homogeneous market European and growth of competition from part of enterprise. It puts new claims before enterprises in range of preparation of venture, observances and business customs, taking into consideration of possessions of science or suitable creation firm image. However, globalization generates question of new culture of operation, with necessity of utilization of knowledge relate, in information society functioning and appearance new phenomena or instruments. World-wide trends and conversions extract strongest mark on functioning enterprise more. They were object of international scientific conference, that has proceeded in high school of finance and in Warsaw in November 2007.
EN
The article presents an insight into the old age pension system in Greece. The introduction is followed by four topic paragraphs: 1. the general information about the country, 2. the historical development of its pension system, 3. the present situation, and 4. challenges and foreseen changes. There, the authorís goal was to present both past and present solutions employed by the Greeceís pension system, in search for ideas worth consideration in international comparisons. In the summary, the author highlights as a particular Greek approach, on the background of other countries, the fact of existing in the Greek reality The National Actuary.
EN
The article presents an insight into the old age pension system in Spain. The introduction is followed by such a topic paragraphs as: the general information about the country, the historical development of its pension system, the present situation and challenges, and foreseen changes. There, the author's goal was to present both past and present solutions employed by the Spanish pension system, in search for ideas worth consideration in international comparisons. In the summary, the author highlights as a particular Spanish approach, on the background of other countries, the fact of existing in the Spanish reality the special old age pension system for domestic servants.
EN
In accordance with the undoing hypothesis (Fredrickson, Levenson, 1998), evoked positive affect speeds up the cardiovascular system recovery in a stressful situation. An attempt was made to replicate this finding in an experimental study. Individuals characterized by high resiliency levels are capable of more efficient utilization of positive emotions in a stressful situation. Since in earlier research no relationship had been found between resiliency and a tendency to appraise stress as a challenge, this study investigated a possible mediating function of a more specific dimension of cognitive appraisal, i.e. that in terms of activity-oriented challenge appraisal (Wlodarczyk, Wrzesniewski, 2005). The study shows that evoked positive affect does not lead to a faster recovery. However, highly resilient individuals turned out to achieve higher levels of positive affect in a stressful situation; this effect was mediated by challenge-activity appraisals.
EN
The paper deals with trends, challenges and applications of worldwide urban anthropology. It brings a comparative view of historical developments and of contemporary theoretical, methodological and thematic schools, directions and tendencies in the development of the urban anthropology. The author presents her subjective reflections on older and recent literature, and identifies three areas of urban-anthropological research of the present day: city and people; city and space; and city and culture. In addition to the theoretical contributions of urban anthropology on multidisciplinary urban studies, she emphasises also the importance of applied anthropological research in urban place-making and governance. On the basis of global trends in urban anthropological studies, she suggests their implications on the Slovak urban anthropological research.
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