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EN
While Poles rejected Pan-Slavic ideas in Europe, especially those that saw Russia as the protector of the Slavs, in Chicago a type of Pan-Slavism quickly emerged in the years after the Civil War. Polish and Czech immigrants forged a working relationship based on their common Slavic identity and on the realities of immigration, social class, and shared space in the city’s neighborhoods. These two groups also confronted anti-immigrant and anti-working class biases in the city. Their relationship with the German American community, a politically and culturally powerful group in Chicago, often proved to be problematic. During World War One, the Slavic coalition actively attacked Chicago’s Germans in an attempt to gain more political power. This coalition eventually resulted in the creation of a political machine under the leadership of Anton Čermak, an immigrant from Bohemia, who became the city’s only foreign-born mayor in 1931.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą ukazania roli, jaką odegrały żeńskie zgromadzenia zakonne w kształtowaniu się oraz funkcjonowaniu polonijnego skupiska w XIX-wiecznym Chicago. Od roku 1874, a więc od chwili rozpoczęcia pracy w parafi i św. Stanisława Kostki przez reprezentantki zakonu School Sisters of Notre Dame, przedstawicielki kolejnych zgromadzeń (m.in. felicjanki, nazaretanki, franciszkanki błogosławionej Kunegundy) angażowały się w życie coraz to większej liczby polskich parafi i etnicznych powstających w Wietrznym Mieście. Ich aktywność była widoczna na gruncie religijnym, charytatywno-społecznym, a przede wszystkim oświatowym. Siostry prowadziły instytucje pomocowe służące polskim imigrantom – sierotom, osobom schorowanym i w podeszłym wieku. Zajmowały się edukacją najmłodszych, skupiając się zarówno na przekazaniu podstaw wiedzy, jak i na wychowaniu w duchu katolickim oraz w przywiązaniu do tradycji przodków.
EN
This article is an attempt to demonstrate the role that sisterhoods played in the formation and functionality of Polish clusters in Nineteenth Century Chicago. The year of 1874 was the moment that the School Sisters of Notre Dame started their work at St. Stanislaus Kostka parish. In later years, sisters from other sisterhoods (such as: the Felician Sisters, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth, and the Franciscan Sisters of Blessed Kunegunda) engaged in the ethnic lives of numerous Polish parishes emerging in “Windy City”. Their activity was noticeable in their religious, charitable-social, and especially their educational dealings. The nuns were leaders in work with the homeless, sick, and elderly Polish immigrants. They occupied their time by educating the youngest, focusing on basic knowledge as well as nurturing the Catholic spirit and attachment to ancestral traditions.
PL
Amerykanie o polskich korzeniach stanowią jedną z najliczniejszych grup narodowościowych zarówno w samym mieście, jak i w Wielkiej Metropolii Chicagowskiej (zaraz po Meksykanach). Stawiając pytanie, ilu Amerykanów polskiego pochodzenia mieszka w Chicago lub na przedmieściach, na ogół nie znajduje się takich samych odpowiedzi. Dysproporcje biorą się stąd, że nie ma konkretnego kryterium, kogo można bądź należy zaliczyć do polskiej grupy narodowościowej, jak również stąd, że nie wszyscy biorą udział w ogólnym spisie ludności. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rozmieszczenia przestrzennego Polonii zamieszkującej Wielką Metropolię Chicagowską w latach 1980, 1990, 2000 i 2010, oraz analiza zjawiska rozprzestrzeniania się Polonii poza granice miasta Chicago, do innych hrabstw. Analizie poddana została również koncentracja Polaków zamieszkujących poszczególne dzielnice miasta Chicago w roku 1980 i 2010 oraz omówienie zjawiska migrowania przez Polonię ze starych dzielnic śródmiejskich do bogatszych, dalej oddalonych od centrum.
EN
Americans with Polish roots constitute one of the largest ethnic groups, both in the city itself as well as in the Larger Chicago Metropolitan Area (just aft er Mexicans). When trying to answer the question of how many Americans of Polish origin live in Chicago or surrounding areas, the same answers are generally never found twice. Th e reason for such disproportions is that there is no particular criterion who can or should be included in the Polish ethnic group and not all people take part in the general population census as well. Th e objective of the article is to present the spatial distribution of the Polonia in the Larger Chicago Metropolitan Area in the following years: 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 as well as to analyse the phenomenon of the spreading of the Polonia beyond the boundaries of the city to other counties. Th e concentration of Poles living in specifi c districts of the city of Chicago in the years 1980 and 2010 as well as the discussion of the phenomenon of migration of the Polonia from Inner-city districts to richer ones located further from the centre are also the subject of analysis.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2014
|
vol. 46
|
issue 5
534 – 553
EN
The research on the socio-spatial analysis of crime reaches deep into the past. However, one of the first major sociological theories that influenced the scientific field of criminology is the social disorganization theory of Shaw and McKay, who studied the impact of structural factors on neighbourhood crime in the Chicago metropolitan area. This article introduces the original concept of social disorganization theory, describes the reasons for its criticism in the 70´s and the causes of its subsequent resurgence during the 80´s. Attention is given to studies that used social disorganization theory as a starting point for the socio-spatial analysis of crime. The aim of the article is to trace how the concept of social disorganization was historically understood and operationalized within empirical research, and what data the authors used for this purpose.
Świat i Słowo
|
2012
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vol. 10
|
issue 2(19)
74-87
EN
The article focuses on the phenomenon of small towns within large American cities like Chicago, formed by clusters of immigrants and captures two moments of their history: the first, when the emerging industry initiated the creation of human settlements around industrial centers and the second, when big American cities collapsed as a result of deurbanization. As illustration the author uses the writings of American men of letters mostly of Polish and Jewish origin namely of Studs Terkel, Stuart Dybek, James Farell, Nelson Algren and Mike Royko. The author also makes an attempt to analyze the concept of urbanity, based largely on the work of Louis Wirth, Urbanism as a way of life, recognizing this publication as a key concept in the analysis of urbanity. Wirth’s urbanity sets borders of navigating of the urban space, which in turn stabilizes the famous city versus rural area opposition. American tradition of the formation of cities significantly differs from the European one, where the rise of cities is largely followed by transformation of the settlements into the villages, small towns into rural areas and finally small towns into the cities. The settlers coming to the New World in large groups at once set about to build small towns skipping other forms of evolution of space. Many smaller or larger so-called American cities, ‘instant cities’ were literally created out of nothing in a very short time. These changes the axioms of urbanity, among others, rules governing the social bond. It creates the concepts of urbanity unknown in Europe, such as the concept of inner city or the specific meaning of the term neighborhood. The article provides analysis of texts of Tadeusz Sławek, Robert E. Park, Carlo Rotella, Ulf Hannerz and Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska.
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