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1

The European models of family policy as a response to the contemporary demographic changes

100%
Kocik M.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2006
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vol. 9
97-113
EN
There is a big internal tension over arguments on family policy model that in a best way corresponds with family formation plans of the couples in Europe. Sweden with its gender equality approach to family policy and Great Britain representing liberal type of welfare state are at the top of fertility rates list in Europe. In contrast to the previous ones, Italy with conservative family policy model, looms large fertility problems. However, when we focus on the family stability and the process of forming it, the situation appears to be totally opposite. By comparing family policy arrangements in an international perspective, including Polish system of welfare state, it is proved that leave policy providing incentives for fathers to participate in childrearing as well as generous childcare institutional support, as it exists in Sweden, contributes to higher fertility. Moreover, reconciliation policy exerts positive influence on family stability, despite the rise in divorce rates because of the fact that Swedish men meet women's expectations of equality in domestic tasks only to a certain extent and the divorce procedures are nowadays much simpler. Empirical findings indicate that to sustain family fertility and stability at the relatively high level, the policy should follow rising expectations of the couples on balancing the conflict between women's work activities and family life. Such a factor is becoming crucial for Polish fertility level.
2
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Diskursy, instituce a praxe péče o děti do tří let ve francouzsko-české komparativní perspektivě

100%
Dudová R., Hašková H.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2010
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vol. 11
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issue 2
36-47
EN
The article offers a comparison of the development of institutions of care for children under three in France and in the Czech Republic. It explains the differences in the forms of institutions, policies and the level of state support with the use of comparative analysis of discourses of childcare, existing since the end of the Second World War in the two countries under study. Especially expert discourses were found to have important role in the development of the institutions and policies: psychological discursive framings had strong influence on the public discourse, on political decisions as well as on the resulting form of institutions. While in France, mainly empirically-oriented psychologists and pedagogues entered the debate, in the Czechoslovakia /Czech Republic the discursive arena was dominated by clinical psychologists and paediatricians. Also other influential factors were identified, such as economic situation, political actors, social movements; and sequencing of events; but the expert discourse was proved to be crucial for the understanding of the divergent development of childcare institutions in the two countries.
3
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Přerušení účasti na trhu práce z důvodu péče o děti a subjektivní vnímání jejich důsledků

100%
Valentova M.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 2
29-41
EN
The article aims to analyse the consequences that interrupting labour market participation for the purpose of childcare has on the careers of Czech women. The analysis is conducted in two steps. In the first step the authoress examines patterns of employment breaks for childcare between different groups of women, in particular between women who had their children before and those who had them after the fall of the socialist regime. In the second step, the authoress explores how Czech women perceive the consequences of these career breaks and what socio-economic factors affect the perceptions of women. The analyses are based on the ESS data from 2004. The outcome of the analyses suggests that women who had at least one child after 1989 are more likely to interrupt their career for longer periods of time than women who gave birth before 1989. At the same time, these women report that employment breaks had more negative consequences on their career compared to women who had children before the fall of the socialist regime.
4
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Doma, v jeslích, nebo ve školce? Rodinná a institucionální péče o předškolní děti v české společnosti mezi lety 1945–2006

100%
Haskova H.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2007
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vol. 8
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issue 2
15-26
EN
The article focuses on changes in availability and use of childcare and pre-school facilities after the Second World War in the Czech society during different periods of communist regime and during the post-1989 era. It studies how they are embedded in context of women's participation on the labor market, gender roles, social policies, fertility rates, public debates on care and fears of population decline. Several discourses influencing the availability and use of childcare and pre-school facilities are identified in the history, e.g. 'the women's issue' discourse supporting construction of nurseries since 1950s, 'the children's issue' and 'the population' discourses contributing to several prolongations of paid childcare leave since 1960s, etc. In history based institutional settings are identified as the main factors leading in a new labor market context to a current drop in availability of nurseries and an increase in care of pre-kindergarten children by mothers at home.
5

WHY THE BRITISH FAMILIES EMPLOY SLOVAK 'AU PAIRS' AND WHAT THE SLOVAK 'AU PAIRS' CRITICISE ON IT

100%
Burikova Z.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 3
341-356
EN
This paper draws on larger ethnographic research on an experience of Slovak 'au pairs' living in London. After examining reasons why British families employ 'au pairs' the authoress introduces the ways how the Slovak 'au pairs' interpret this kind of childcare. She argues that the families' decisions for an 'au pair' scheme were based on an uneasy compromise, trying to combine their economic conditions, ideas on motherhood, childcare and female identities with the available alternative forms of childcare and the state's political and economical conditions. On their part the Slovak 'au pairs' viewed both the families' choice of an individual paid childcare and the concept of quality-time as the lack of parental love and care. This analysis enables to show that criticising British families the Slovak 'au pairs' condemn the concept of childcare they find unusual. This data reveal the clash between two different concepts of childcare as well as the ways how these concepts can be changed within the life of an individual.
6
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TOWARDS SOME ASPECTS OF CHILDCARE AND HOUSEWORK FROM THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE

75%
Chorvat I.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2006
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vol. 38
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issue 1
31-48
EN
The article deals primarily with the division of household labour in the family from the gender perspective. Although the concept of the working woman is not at all new, the growing participation of women in a paid work and their increased professional realization has not been accompanied by a more egalitarian division of household work in families. This is the situation which can be described as a gender gap in the private sphere. Household work continues to be structurally as well as symbolically tied up with the woman. On the other hand we can be a witness of some technological processes that lead to the de-qualification of household work and feelings of meaninglessness of housework for women. Conventional identities (homemaker, breadwinner) may be challenged but cultural notions of masculinity and femininity run deep. The paper further investigates husbands' and wives' perception of fairness of the domestic division of labour as well as micro- and macro-level factors that influence the division of housework. In the final part two perspectives dealing with the position and role of fathers in families are analysed - the perspective of role inadequacy and the developmental perspective. It is stressed that the developmental perspective is more appropriate for researching changes in men's family roles. Changes in men's behaviour by stressing what father more involved in activities around children gains in comparison with stressing what he sacrifices makes the developmental perspective more advantageous over other perspectives in solving the problem of low activity of men in childcare. In the conclusion we ask whether it is useful at all to aspire for the more equal distribution of household labour in the family.
7
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CHILDCARE PREFERENCES OF PARENTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

75%
Lutherová G. S., Maříková H., Válková J.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2017
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vol. 49
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issue 3
285 – 309
EN
In spite of recent economic and social developments in the EU and related pressures on labour market participation, family policies in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic are very familialistic. With the combination of long-term leaves and limited access to institutional childcare the reconciliation of parenting and work remains an irresolvable task that has implications for gender equality and specifically for the participation of women in the labour market. This article seeks to examine the relationship between the ideal preferences and real decisions parents make concerning care for preschool-age children against a backdrop of cultural values, economic factors, and institutional provisions established under the system of family policy and childcare policy in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and in relation to gender in/equality in society. The aim is to shed light on the structure and content of parental views on childcare in the context of both real and hypothetical decision-making. As the data show, the ideal preferences and hypothetical choices of parents reflect their actual practice which is determined by the given childcare policies. It is therefore necessary to take this into account in relation to increasing gender equality in society and the participation of both men and women in childcare.
8
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THE AU PAIR EMPLOYERS: WHO ARE THEY, WHOM THEY SEARCH FOR AND WHAT DO THEY AWAIT?

75%
Bahna M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2006
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vol. 38
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issue 3
245 – 266
EN
The starting point of our work is the often-stated re-emergence of individual paid childcare in western countries. We begin with an overview of the dominant explanations presented in literature available. Using data from online au pair agencies we try to answer the questions presented in the title of this study focusing on the differences between countries in demand and expectations. After presenting the results we try to validate the dominant explanations of the re-emergence of housemaids in western households via a confrontation with our findings. While failing in the attempt to prove that the influence of growing employment of women, the unwillingness of men to involve in doing housework and the shortcoming and dismantling of (subsidized) institutional childcare are in an anticipated correlation with demand for paid childcare we present alternative hypothesis to explain the phenomenon discussed.
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