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Sociológia (Sociology)
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2017
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vol. 49
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issue 2
179 – 202
EN
The rapidly changing European political environment poses a big challenge not only to elected representatives but also to scholars. In the paper, the author elucidates the theoretical approaches to civic participation. Consequently, a theory of participatory democracy, which is heavily neglected in the Slovak academia, is presented through the prism of Carole Pateman’s, C.B. Macpherson’s and Benjamin Barber’s writings. Their ideas on civic engagement in public life appear to be noteworthy again, especially in the light of the changing conditions of democratic citizenship – particularly in regards to the EU-wide decline in voter turnout, increasing income inequality, downgrade of social solidarity and cooperation, growing intolerance or dissatisfaction with representative democracy.
EN
In Europe great attention is devoted to civic education; in order to ensure the development of democratic countries, the majority of society must understand how the political system functions. A comparison of national standards for primary education and general secondary education reveals that primary school students acquire more comprehensive civic knowledge, and that education planning documents are oriented towards patriotic, not civic, education. Results of quantitative and qualitative studies confirm that students have poor knowledge about civic participation and insufficient skills for living in a democratic country. Problems existing in civic education are caused by educational standards and the process of political planning; they are also caused by covert education content (teachers' understanding of democratic participation, opinions about controversial historical aspects), the environment (democracy at school, participation of parents and students in decision making at school), passive learning and the political situation in the country. At the same time, the desire of politicians to foster patriotism can be achieved also through facilitating understanding of civic values and participation in democratic processes.
EN
Unlike the institution of referendum which is often analyzed by Polish researchers, the institution of village assembly is far less frequently the object of their deliberations – both in the context of examination of legal regulations and in the context of assessment of social practice. This fact is surprising since village assembly as a legislative body of the auxiliary unit of rural or rural/urban municipality, namely the village, is a well-established form of civic participation in rural communities and represents a unique variant of parliamentary activity at the very local level. The author of the article wants to make up at least in some degree for this lack of sufficiently thorough considerations. He presents a brief description of the institution of village assembly and, next, provides data relating to the way in which village administrators and inhabitants of one the municipalities of the Łódzkie voivodeship perceive the institution of village assembly. Due to the strictly “illustrative” character of research, it was difficult to formulate general conclusions; the author concentrated his attention and efforts on cataloging issues that had been most frequently raised by the surveyed groups. The majority of respondents considered village assembly to be a blocked-up “channel” of civic participation and felt that its “mechanics” was arduous. In this context it was surprising for the author of the article that both village administrators and inhabitants were reluctant to accept his suggestion that it would be good to introduce a moderator/facilitator into village assemblies, who would see to it that all inhabitants participating in such meetings have equal chances to speak and express their opinions, and who would help them come to an understanding.
EN
The article focuses on the development of civic participation in Slovakia after the fall of communism in 1989, emphasizing the context of the dominant political culture and the challenges of transition. The authors base their analysis on rich empirical material from representative sociological surveys conducted from 1994 to 2010. Examining trends in the degree of citizens' engagement in various forms of participation as well as the changes in their potential for future participation, the authors present an empirical typology of the modes of civic participation. They explore the overall and mean rates of participation amongst various socio-demographic and socio-economic groups, which allows them to illustrate the unequal distribution of civic participation in Slovak society. The analysis demonstrates that active citizenship is more frequent amongst individuals who have a stronger interest in politics, who generally are more trusting, and who identify more strongly both with the goals of deliberative democracy and the economic and political changes after 1989. Civic participation is more widespread among individuals associated with various types of voluntary organizations. In the last part of the article, the authors pay in particular attention to the trends and determinants of voter turnout after 1990.
Communication Today
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue 1
78-93
EN
New technologies give local journalists the opportunity to extend their agenda, adding the international context; however, for community participation it is crucial to be informed about the closest environment. Several Ukrainian local news sites in the situation of political instability and military conflict increase the number of news items about international/national issues, whereas a majority of others covers predominantly city/ regional events. On the basis of content analysis, news geography of two leading news sites of two Ukrainian cities Lviv and Odesa are studied and two types of local sites are discovered: local (with a high priority given to the local news) and non-local (with a priority placed on the international and national news). A clear correlation between the number of texts and exclusivity of news sources can be seen. Exclusivity is higher on the sites which see the local news items as their priority; however, quality of news remains problematic for both types. Readers are provided with a lot of unchecked and unbalanced content. As a result, functions of community integration and participation cannot be fulfilled properly by the local media, and defining other additional tools for civic engagement becomes a significant task.
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