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EN
The article takes up the issue of environmental protection in the European Union, with a focus on the climate-energy package. Particular attention is given to renewable energy, one of the issues in the package. The consequences that implementing the climate-energy package will have are shown, as are the possible ways Poland can obtain energy from renewable sources.
EN
Internal disparities are a characteristic feature of modern economies. The existing considerable developmental differences among regions or states hamper co-operation and lead to social tensions. Therefore, for many years efforts have been undertaken to accelerate the convergence of regional and national economies. Since the 1990s, these efforts have been supported by the European Union’s cohesion policy. The purpose of this paper is to explore the degree of interregional disparity in Poland in comparison with other EU countries. It is this degree that determines current cohesion policy and the eligibility for non-repayable financial aid from the EU.
EN
Activities connected with the development of rural areas are conducted both within the so-called Second pillar of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and within programmes financed from the cohesion policy fund. The question of selection of the method of implementation of the rural development policy becomes particularly important in the present situation of discussions on changes in CAP. These discussions are stimulated both by internal factors (revision of the EU budget and CAP's health check) and external factors (WTO negotiations and changes on the global food market). All these factors have been thoroughly analysed in this article. The resulting conclusion is that the revision of the EU budget, which relates both to CAP and to the cohesion policy, may prove to be the most important catalyst of changes in the manner of implementation of the rural development policy. The article describes the key dilemmas connected with the selection of methods for the introduction of solutions linked to the policy of rural development. The author of the article claims that because of the low mobility of production factors in Poland it could prove advantageous to shift much of the burden of implementation of the rural development policy onto the cohesion policy. He also presents arguments to prove that an increase in the EU funds allocated to rural development via the cohesion policy, introduced at the expense of means flowing into the rural areas via the Second pillar of CAP may reduce the risk of a decrease in the transfer of EU funds to Poland's rural areas after 2013. The author of the article also proposes an institutional mechanism for the implementation of rural development policy that would be less dependent on CAP's Second pillar.
EN
(Polish title: Efektywne wdrazanie polityki spojnosci - doswiadczenia dotychczasowych okresow programowania w wojewodztwie opolskim a nowa wizja Polityki Spojnosci po 2013 roku). The article raises that in discussing the future of the Cohesion Policy, an important argument is the effective use of EU funds by Poland from the previous programming periods, i.e., 2004-2006 and 2007-2013. The financial and material results obtained in the Opolskie voievodeship within the Integrated Regional Operational Programme for 2007-2013, and the Regional Operational Programme for the Opolskie voivodeship 2007-2013 have been analysed. It has been proven that, under both programmes, the region achieved significant successes, such as: within the RPO WO 2007-2013 in the competition for additional funds from the National Performance Reserve took the first place. This demonstrates the effectiveness of regional absorption. Effectiveness of this type should be recognized in the implementation system based on efficiency. The article attempts to prove that it is a sufficient argument, for the next programming period, to maintain, among others, the Cohesion Policy and the instrument of National Implementation Provisions.
EN
With the approval of the Lisbon Treaty the scope of cohesion policy has changed — social and economic issues have been complemented by a territorial aspect. During the ongoing discussion on this topic it is necessary to more strongly emphasize the role of public statistics as a data source, essential for the policy objectives’ creation, monitoring and evaluation. The presentation outlines the key directions of Polish regional statistics development — from organizational change to actions and initiatives. Organization of regional statistics in Poland constantly adapts to the changing needs of stakeholders. The basis for providing effective information services is the integrated co-operation of many public statistics service units. Therefore, Regional Surveys Centres in all voivodships were established. The methodological works undertaken in the field of regional statistics should also be mentioned. In the context of monitoring and implementation of development policy strategic objectives an important initiative is developing a new typology of communes, already in the final phase. Other works concern the development of indicators. Constant improvement of publicly accessible databases like Local Data Bank should not be forgotten. The summary of the presentation will be an attempt to reflect on the challenges determined not only by changing of socio-economic or political issues, but also resulting from new technical possibilities.
EN
Regional development is an important economic category that can be considered from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. The present paper offers an academic analysis of the concept of regional development, the complexity of this process and its association with regional (cohesion) policy. In the practical sense, an attempt is made to define the size and the scale of regional development in Poland. A specific role is assigned to European cohesion policy, which, having a huge influence for development processes, is periodically re-profiled. In the next budget planning period 2014-2020 (similarly to the previous one), the new dimension of EU cohesion policy will have a strong impact on Polish regions. Its scale will depend on the shape of the European budget as well as on the acceptance of solutions suggested by the European Commission.
EN
The aim of the research project was to find an answer to the question whether spatial variations in the level of socio-economic development of rural Poland are gradually disappearing thanks to the cohesion policy pursued in the country or whether they are still growing despite the implementation of this policy. It was assumed that the course of ongoing transformation is dependent on two factors: cohesion policy and the well-known fact that the effectiveness of investment is higher in better developed areas. Additionally, an attempt was made at determining how the discussed processes were influenced by policies pursued by local authorities. Other factors (e.g. attractive location) have greater influence on spatial variations in development than the pursued cohesion policy.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the level of economic and social diversi-fication in the countries of the European Union in the period 2000-2010, with particular reference to Poland. The author uses the taxonomic method and ratio analysis. The received results allowed the author to create a ranking of countries and groups of countries with similar levels of social and economic development, and to indicate the impact of each of the macroeconomic indicators on the individual results of every state.
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EN
The paper critically discusses several widespread views about regional development and how it can be stimulated by regional policy. It is argued that in the current development paradigm it is neither possible nor expedient to achieve regional convergence, which in effect would lead to a deep change in understanding the very assumptions of the EU Cohesion policy. It is indicated that external stimuli do not lead to an accelerated growth in lagging regions, which is especially true in the case of infrastructural projects, especially those which are related to incidental events, like expositions or sports championships. One of the most broadly used models for an ex ante evaluation – the HERMIN model – is also discussed.
EN
Increasing the role of regional authorities will be a priority in the next stage of the EU's growth and jobs strategy. This is a remarkable moment, when local and regional authorities can directly express their opinions to Brussels about the Lisbon strategy. Regional representatives play a key role in this process. They present the interests of the region and are significant players in the promotion and implementation of the objectives of the cohesion policy. The cohesion policy is among to the most important EU policies according to its meaning and volume of funds. Without underestimating the position of the national level, many problems are best solved at a functional level, whether this is at local, regional or transnational. So the cohesion policy with cooperation of national bodies should retain and indeed reinforce the role of cities, regional and local players.
EN
The membership expansion of EU in 2004 brought some challenges for post-communist countries which were expected to approach the EU average. Regional policy of EU provided new member states with significant support in order to catch up. Although cross-country convergence appeared, convergence within the countries is still not clear. Institutions can play a crucial role in economic development, especially universities. During 2007 – 2015 were Slovak higher education institutions supported mostly in convergence regions and the support should be seen in their better performance. A main goal of this paper is to find out whether the efficiency of Slovak public higher education institutions in convergence regions changed comparing to Bratislava region after the first entire programming period 2007 – 2013. A Data Envelopment Analysis is applied to compare years 2007 and 2015. The results show that public higher education institutions in less-developed regions in Slovakia indeed experienced a convergence comparing to Bratislava region, especially in the area of research that was mostly supported from Structural Funds.
EN
This article is a contribution to the debate on specific and interrelated problems of regional government, regional development and the electoral success of radical political forces in post-socialist Europe in the late transition times and during the financial and economic crisis and its aftermath. We document these issues based on the case of Banská Bystrica region, which is perceived as one of the most problematic territories in Slovakia in terms of socio-economic development. We attempt to explain the political success of the radical far-right political party Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko, observable since 2013, through an assessment of socio-economic data, in-depth interviews, as well as statistical analysis. We suggest that the persistently difficult social and economic situation, the contradictory population structure and processes (ageing, migration, multi-ethnicity), less successful regional development policies of central state and EU cohesion policy goals and implementation, as well as the weaker position and capacities of regional self-government have contributed to growing apathy and disillusionment in mainstream political parties, rising Euroscepticism and finally the electoral success of the far-right in this region.
EN
This article summarizes current issues regarding preparation and implementation of EU projects. Cohesion policy and regional policy as a main part of cohesion policy are the most important policies of European Union. This could be view also from the volume of financial resources allocated for these policies. One of the main current research issues is analysing efficiency and effectiveness of these funds. Examining the effectiveness of funds we can see a number of shortcomings, from which the most significant are deadweight loss, lack of application of the principles of partnership, administrative burden focused on expenses and not results, the low multiplier effects and little focus on the priorities of promoting competitiveness. The author have analysed several of them directly in the case study of Banská Bystrica region.
EN
An evaluation culture in the EU Cohesion Policy is developing. It applies a more rigorous approach than few years ago. Although the European Commission is introducing a requirement for impact evaluations, such evaluations are still rare. An employment is one of the core objectives of EU policies. Application of the counterfactual impact evaluation on the EU Cohesion Policy enables the inquiry into how one of the most important EU policies operates. The analysis comprises a sample of 373 supported and 202 rejected applicants. The appraisal experts´ approach to applications is used as an instrumental variable to estimate the impacts of the assistance from the European Social Fund in Czech companies through interventions aimed at training of employees. The results indicate positive effects of the European Social Fund’s assistance in companies even one year after the support ended. The estimates vary between 3 838 and 5 513 created or saved jobs.
EN
The EU Cohesion Policy requires the interaction of the public, private and non-profit sectors in policy making. The Czech Republic presents an ideal case study for identifying the major obstacles to the successful implementation of this approach since Czech citizens evaluate Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in their country as having less capacity to influence policies at the lowest level than NGOs in any other EU member state. The goal of the study is to identify and explain the determinants of success and failure regarding NGOs’ participation in designing public programmes. The methodology includes a combination of in-depth interviews with NGO representatives and public servants, a review of official documents, a focus group, and a stakeholders’ review of the study’s conclusions. The main obstacles to the implementation of the partnership principle are the following: NGOs’ insufficient capacities and responsibilities; fluctuations in the participation of public servants and NGO representatives; dependence of partnership on personal contacts; NGOs’ late entry and the non-consultative, informative character of the partnership.
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