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Drogi i bezdroża wspólnej polityki rolnej

100%
Chotkowski J., Gaziński B.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2011
|
issue 4
EN
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), introduced in the 1960s, belongs to the oldest and the most criticized policies of the EU. In spite of different attempts of reforms, it constitutes the permanent ‘hot potato’ for Ministers of Agriculture and Ministers of Finance alike because of high costs and uneven distribution of profits and financial burdens. During the Polish Presidency in the EU Council, the debate on the new budget perspectives of 2014–2020 has entered into a new and uneasy (financial crisis) stage. And further reforms of the CAP are an inevitable part of future compromises. The first part of this article outlines the history and general principles of the CAP. The authors argue that – despite the remarkable changes of the economic and social conditions, the increasing importance of the factor of environment, absent during the early stage of the CAP, and a shift in the ‘philosophy’ of agricultural and rural development (sustainable development, organic agriculture, etc.) – the provisions of Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome, with its five-point description of the basic CAP objectives, have survived unchanged. The article further discusses in brief the experiences of the first decades of reforms, with the introduction of the dairy quotas in 1984 and the Mc Sharry reform of early 1990s as keystones. The next part of the article describes the new wave of reforms, introduced since 2003 – the spread of direct payments, decoupling and cross-compliance. The next sections illustrate the needs to make the CAP more simple and clear for the beneficiaries and the staff of the administrative agencies. The next part describes the results of the field survey on the constraints to the effective introduction of the development projects for agriculture and rural development, covering the officials of commune administration, which coincide with the results of a questionnaire conducted among the participants of the Conference of Directors of the EU Paying Agencies (Sopot, September 2011). The final section of the article reviews the prospects for a simplification of the CAP in the years 2014–2020.
2
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MODERNIZACJA GOSPODARSTW ROLNYCH W POLSCE W RAMACH WSPÓLNEJ POLITYKI ROLNEJ

63%
Tomaszewski M.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2018
|
issue 2(92)
27-39
EN
The main objective of the work was to determine the level and structure of financial support for farms under the common agricultural policy and the importance of this support in the context of modernization of the machinery park. The work summarizes the effects of support, both financial and material, allocated for this purpose in 2002-2015 and coming from the SAPRAD Operational Program (action: Investments in agricultural holdings), Sectoral Operational Program „Restructuring and modernization of the food sector and rural development 2004-2006” (actions: Investments in agricultural holdings, Facilitating the start of young farmers) and the Rural Development Program for the years 2007-2013 (measures: Modernization of farms; Facilitating start-ups for young farmers; and Restoring agricultural production potential damaged by natural disasters and introducing appropriate preventive actions). The analysis shows that the process of modernization of farms in Poland, thanks to the support from the CAP, is characterized by high dynamics, undoubtedly contributing to the development of Polish agriculture.
3

POLISH FARMS IN 1996-2006. ANALYSIS AND MEDIUM-TERM FORECAST

63%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
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issue 2(123)
199-208
EN
In 1996-2002 Polish farms continued adjustment processes inaugurated at the turn of 1989 together with the change of socio-economic system in Poland. A relatively large group of farms proved unable to cope in the new conditions. Some of these farms were liquidated, some limited their activities to the production of food for the needs of their owners exclusively, whereas others abandoned agricultural production altogether, with their owners looking for other sources of livelihood. On the other hand, there also were farms that continued to enlarge their acreage and modernise their production potential despite the difficult conditions of operation. In 2002, only 72% of all Polish farms were delivering their goods to the market. In comparison with 1996 the number o such farms diminished by nine percentage points. The most important reasons for this decline were insufficient managerial skills of agricultural producers and unfavourable natural conditions, mainly the poor quality of soil. The same factors will most probably continue to determine the condition of Polish farms after May 1, 2004, which may mean that only a part of the farms will be able to avail themselves of the budget resources offered within the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Thus, phenomena similar to those observable in 1996-2002 can be expected to occur in the Polish agriculture also in 2004-2006. The number of farms will be declining and their diversification will be progressing. A part of the farms (500 000-800 000) will certainly manage to find their place in the division of labour that will occur in the integrated Europe.
4
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MODERNIZACJA GOSPODARSTW ROLNYCH W POLSCE W RAMACH WSPÓLNEJ POLITYKI ROLNEJ

63%
Tomaszewski M.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2018
|
issue 1(91)
27-39
EN
The main objective of the work was to determine the level and structure of financial support for farms under the common agricultural policy and the importance of this support in the context of modernization of the machinery park. The work summarizes the effects of support, both financial and material, allocated for this purpose in 2002-2015 and coming from the SAPRAD Operational Program (action: Investments in agricultural holdings), Sectoral Operational Program „Restructuring and modernization of the food sector and rural development 2004-2006” (actions: Investments in agricultural holdings, Facilitating the start of young farmers) and the Rural Development Program for the years 2007-2013 (measures: Modernization of farms; Facilitating start-ups for young farmers; and Restoring agricultural production potential damaged by natural disasters and introducing appropriate preventive actions). The analysis shows that the process of modernization of farms in Poland, thanks to the support from the CAP, is characterized by high dynamics, undoubtedly contributing to the development of Polish agriculture.
5

THE ROLE OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF ABSORBING EU FUNDING FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE OPINIONS OF FARMERS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN POLAND

51%
Mis T.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
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2008
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issue 3(140)
130-141
EN
The paper assesses the participation of local institutions in providing assistance to farmers who apply for subsidies from EU funds in small-farm agriculture conditions. A firm majority of the surveyed farmers links the financial and economic situation of their farms and the opportunities and effectiveness of the utilisation of EU funding to the activities of local institutions, mainly such as the local agricultural advisory centres (ODRs). Thanks to training courses and direct consultations organised by the employees of ODRs with the purpose of providing help in preparing individual applications farmers from small-farm regions had no problems filling in their application forms. In the coming years farmers will be able to make use of measures offered them within the Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013. The preparation of farmers for this new period of programming is currently one of the most important challenges faced by local institutions, especially those providing advisory services.
6
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Środowiskowe i ekonomiczne skutki wprowadzenia „zielonego komponentu” do systemu dopłat bezpośrednich po 2013 roku

51%
Sadowski A.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2013
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issue 3(73)
20-29
EN
The paper presents the reform principles of the direct payments for the period 2014-2020. Against the background of the analysis of the direct payments’ evolution, it was found that its assumptions are broadly consistent with previous trends which assume the link of support with the fulfillment of standards for environmental protection. It was noted, however, that specific solutions in many places are contrary to care for the environment and, above all, can contribute to a reduce the production potential of European agriculture. In relation to microeconomic analysis, it was found that the assumptions of the proposed reforms may contribute to a reduction in agricultural income, at the same time more of their dependence on agricultural policy instruments. Despite this, it was concluded that for most of the analyzed groups will reasonable in economic terms to receive payments and adherence to the principles of the green component.
7

INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN POLAND

51%
Hardt L.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
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issue 3(124)
116-131
EN
The article represents an attempt at identifying institutional barriers to the implementation of the Plan for the Development of Rural Areas. The author starts his analysis with a general description of the situation of Poland's rural areas and the role of human and social capital in their development. He claims that the sustainable development of rural areas is possible only when investments in infrastructure are accompanied by substantial investments in human and social resources, which are absent at present. Since it is assumed that the Plan for the Development of Rural Areas is an excellent instrument serving the development of the rural community the author also thinks it essential to determine the Plan's chances for implementation. The author applies analytical tools of the New Institutional Economy since efficient institutions - understood as the rules of the game, will probably be decisive for the degree of absorption of means available under the Plan. He also uses the results of a sociological survey of potential beneficiaries of the Plan's implementation, which was conducted for the Office of the Commissioner for European Integration by the Agency for Market Studies 'Opinia' in December 2003. The author divides the potential barriers to the use of means envisaged by the Plan into administrative (formal) barriers and mental (informal) barriers. The most serious formal barrier is the inefficient agricultural advisory system, whereas the most serious informal barriers are: the farmers' reluctance to form associations, their lack of initiative and creativity, and lack of confidence in their own abilities. In the conclusion of the article the author presents suggestions concerning actions that are necessary to ensure fuller utilisation of funds available under the Plan for the Development of Rural Areas.
8
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Obrot ziemia a przemiany agrarne w indywidualnym rolnictwie

51%
Sikorska A.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
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2013
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issue 1(334)
8-21
EN
Scattered agrarian structure remains a weakness of Polish agriculture. According to data from the Central Statistical Office Agricultural Census 2010, in the last eight years the number of agricultural holdings decreased by ca.one fifth. The aim of the paper is to define a significance of market land turnover in the process of changes of farms’ area structure. Factors influencing demand-supply situation on the land market, in particular the impact of Common Agricultural Policy and the direct payments, were analysed. The tendencies in non-market family land transfer were presented as well. In this context, the trends in agrarian changes observed in the years 2000-2011 were described.
9
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Kierunki wykorzystania dopłat bezpośrednich przez rodzinne gospodarstwa rolne położone w wybranych województwach

51%
Sadowski A., Antczak W.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2012
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issue 4(26)
103-113
EN
This paper assesses the diversity of directions for use of direct payments in different types of individual farms. The questionnaire surveys were performed on 295 farms located in dif-ferent parts of the country. Analysed farms were divided into groups according to the amount direct support received. Based on the survey concluded that in all analysed groups the largest share of direct payments is spent on the purchase of means of production. The smallest farms also spend to a high extent, the money on household purposes (20.5%) and the largest ones to finance the investment (17.7%).
10
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WPR po 2013 roku – określenie beneficjentów wybranych działań

51%
Czubak W.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2013
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issue 3(73)
73-87
EN
Since the introduction of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy, this policy has been frequently modified. Currently there is a discussion on the future of the EU CAP after 2013. With regard to the investment activities the main goal of the analysis was to determine a threshold for allowing agricultural holdings to access the support and to estimate the number of potential beneficiaries. Taking into account the criteria of utilized agricultural area and economic size, about 127 thousand farms can benefit from the support for Investments in physical assets. In regional aspect, it is expected that the majority of funds still will go to the regions dominated by large entities, economic strong and using advisory support. In defining upper and lower thresholds for allowing agricultural holdings access to support to the development of small farms and young farmers, in both case, the criteria of access to support should based on the utilized agricultural area. Number of potentially eligible entities of the development of small farms is about 583.8 thousand. For young farmers it is estimated to about 46 thousand potential beneficiaries.
11

NEW CONCEPTS AND TASKS IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS AND AGRICULTURE FOLLOWING POLAND'S ENTRY TO EU

51%
Podstawka M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 2(123)
254-264
EN
When Poland joins EU structures, it will have to abandon previous-day country and agricultural finance policy. It will come instead within the Common Agricultural Policy' structural funds and other membership policies. The aim of the article is to introduce up to the present existing and new tasks in financial support of country and agriculture development. After its accession to EU, Poland will lose the right to use pre-accession funds. It will, however, gain access to structural funds which are in force in EU member states. After the EU accession, as a part of the common policies programme, agriculture and rural areas will receive in years 2004-2006 (only from EU budget) about EUR 7.2 billion, that is close to EUR 2.4 billion per annum. This amount is about two times larger than budget expenses on agriculture (without expenses on KRUS) in 2002 (PLN 5.1 billion, which is equal to EUR 1.3 billion). The mentioned sum will be allocated to: compensation payments, market intervention, supporting agricultural development, structural funds in agriculture.
12

SLOVAK AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

51%
Ciaian P., Pokrivčák J., Bartová Ľ.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2005
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vol. 53
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issue 7
736-752
EN
We build a Slovak sectoral dynamic partial equilibrium econometric model based on EU GOLD model. It is used to analyse the development of the Slovak agricultural markets after EU accession. Simulation results for cereals, oilseeds and meats are provided in this article. Two scenarios are analysed: non-accession baseline and accession with adoption of single area payment scheme. EU accession is expected to increase prices of most products, the biggest increase of prices will occur in animal sector. Because of the higher prices consumption will go down. Decrease of the consumption will be mitigated by income growth. Production will not increase substantially due to decoupling of the direct payments. Trade balance for majority of the products will improve.
13
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Dopłaty bezpośrednie a zmiany w gospodarstwach rolnych na przykładzie wybranych powiatów województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego

51%
Kisiel R., Marks-Bielska R., Kowalska A.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2011
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issue 4(22)
101-114
EN
The paper represents an attempt at assessment of the direct subsidies influence on changes at farms. The questionnaire-based surveys covered 118 farmers from Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship (the districts of Bartoszyce, Ełk and Mrągowo). The financial aid in the form of direct subsidies improved the financial standing of farms. The majority of the respondents declared that direct subsidies contributed to a slight improvement of the financial standing (48%). Some farmers surveyed (36%) have not noticed any change concerning improvement of their financial standing while the smallest percentage of the respondents declared that as a consequence of receiving direct subsidies their financial standing improved significantly (16%); the highest share of respondents indicating that was recorded in Bartoszyce district representing 25% of the respondents from that district. In small size farms the direct subsidies were allocated mainly to financing the current expenditures. In case of farms up to 5 ha that was over 80%. In case of verification of the allocation of the direct subsidies for development of the farm, purchase of land or means of production the following correlation was visible: the larger the area of the farm the larger the allocation of direct subsidies to investments.
14
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Charakterystyka gospodarstw korzystających ze wsparcia inwestycji modernizacyjnych i dostosowawczych na tle innych form pomocy Unii Europejskiej

51%
Sadowski A., Girzycka W.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2012
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issue 1(23)
123-133
EN
The aim of the article was to determine the specificity of farms benefiting from various forms of support under the second pillar of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. This study established, that investments meeting UE standards were carried out mainly in smaller farms with intense production and a big role of livestock production. Modernization was performed with large farms, a relatively small labour resources. Entities that did not have adequate production potential, or used it inefficiently, benefited from other forms of EU assistance.
15
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Kierunki rozwoju doradztwa rolniczego w Polsce

51%
Chyłek E. K.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2012
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issue 4(70)
22-41
EN
Changes in the way the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy, necessitated the development of structures and scope of advisory services, which imposes on the Member States of the European Union of certain tasks. Their primary range has been specified in the Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009. The purpose of the article is to present conditions the development of the farm advisory system within the Poland. The article indicated that solutions are warranted until the implementation of the farm advisory system in Poland to be able to fulfill its functions to the farmers.
16

The Interests of European Agriculture in the Light of Global Conditions of Economic Policy Making

51%
Czyzewski A., Poczta A., Wawrzyniak L.
Ekonomista
|
2006
|
issue 3
347-369
EN
The article presents conditions under which EU member countries pursue economic and agricultural policies. The authors describe the universal principles of agricultural policy that result from the necessity to retransfer the economic surplus to agriculture. Further, they have analyzed economic policies of EU member countries after MacSharry's reform and have proved that they follow the rule of a 'pendulum'. This rule consists in interchangeable application of different options of monetary and fiscal policies. On the basis of that survey they have constructed a model of pendulum which allows to define the character of economic policy implemented over a period of time. The model has been verified on data of several EU member countries. Finally, they have identified some interrelationships between economic and agricultural policies, characteristic of the period after 1991. The article points to the fact that despite the influence exerted by business cycle on the price scissors of incomes in agriculture there is no relation between farmers' incomes and the majority of macroeconomic indices. This, in turn, allows to conclude that common agricultural policy is beneficial for stabilizing the agricultural incomes and for the reduction of income disparities.
17

FARMING - BETWEEN POLITICS AND ECONOMICS

51%
Servolin C.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
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issue 4(129)
9-17
EN
Joining in the discussion on changes in the Common Agricultural Policy the author draws attention to the political aspects of food production and its special position in nearly all national economies. Analysing the share of individual production factors in the shaping of agricultural prices the author defends the European Union's right to shape its own agricultural policy and to protect its internal market. He also proves that this policy has a minimal influence on the situation in the so-called Third World countries.
18
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Jak odbudować legitymizację Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej? Materiał do dyskusji nad przyszłością Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej po 2013 r.

51%
Grochowska R., Kosior K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2010
|
issue 1
67-90
EN
The present article aims to show the potential for increasing the legitimacy and the value added of the Common Agricultural Policy that - through the departure from the redistributive logic and thanks to well planned and carefully chosen reform paths - could contribute to enhancing the EU competitiveness on global markets. It is argued that paradigms on which the CAP has been built do not serve the strategic goals of the EU, such as the development of a knowledge-based economy or the adjustments to a dynamically changing external world. The maintenance of the status quo leads to a growing marginalization of this policy in the EU. It is also tantamount to a consent to a hidden renationalization of the CAP. Hence, it is necessary to phase-out regressive payments and instead, to introduce the principles of a targeting policy, allowing for a better allocation of resources from the common budget and for a deeper integration of the CAP with the research and development policy. Currently, this is one of the most promising courses of action. Only a well-designed policy, directing support to specific groups of beneficiaries, merging the agri-food sector with the world of science and recognizing the need for supporting public goods within a precisely defined catalogue, will be able to respond to the new challenges facing the EU.
19

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND COHESION POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EU BUDGET'S REVISION

51%
Hardt L.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2008
|
issue 4(141)
47-65
EN
Activities connected with the development of rural areas are conducted both within the so-called Second pillar of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and within programmes financed from the cohesion policy fund. The question of selection of the method of implementation of the rural development policy becomes particularly important in the present situation of discussions on changes in CAP. These discussions are stimulated both by internal factors (revision of the EU budget and CAP's health check) and external factors (WTO negotiations and changes on the global food market). All these factors have been thoroughly analysed in this article. The resulting conclusion is that the revision of the EU budget, which relates both to CAP and to the cohesion policy, may prove to be the most important catalyst of changes in the manner of implementation of the rural development policy. The article describes the key dilemmas connected with the selection of methods for the introduction of solutions linked to the policy of rural development. The author of the article claims that because of the low mobility of production factors in Poland it could prove advantageous to shift much of the burden of implementation of the rural development policy onto the cohesion policy. He also presents arguments to prove that an increase in the EU funds allocated to rural development via the cohesion policy, introduced at the expense of means flowing into the rural areas via the Second pillar of CAP may reduce the risk of a decrease in the transfer of EU funds to Poland's rural areas after 2013. The author of the article also proposes an institutional mechanism for the implementation of rural development policy that would be less dependent on CAP's Second pillar.
20
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CONDITIONS OF THE NEW AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

51%
Zegar J. S.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2007
|
issue 4(313)
5-27
EN
The industrial agriculture model is more and more criticized, most of all because of its external effects. Also its motive forces run out. This model is replaced with a sustainable agriculture model, which takes account of the limitations of natural resources, external costs and public good as well as social and economic objectives. Development of agriculture according to the sustainable agriculture model requires that the market mechanism be supplemented with the institutional (political) mechanism. This mechanism is developed within the common agricultural policy of the European Union. The model of sustainable agriculture corresponds to the new agricultural economics - a changed economic account covering, in addition to market 'items', other elements related to external costs and public goods created by agriculture. The globalisation process shifts the problems of agriculture to the global level, giving them a new dynamics and strongly influencing agriculture in individual countries. External forces more and more determine the functioning of agriculture, whereas the role of the institutional (political) factor is diminished, since globalisation in the political field lags behind the globalisation in the economy. This changes the development conditions of agriculture to the disadvantage of the sustainable agriculture model.
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