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DISTRIBUTION AND INFERENCE: WHAT PHILOSOPHICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS CAN LEARN FROM EACH OTHER

100%
Ocelák R.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 3
299 – 323
EN
Distribution of a word across contexts has proved to be a very useful approximation of the word’s meaning. This paper reflects on the recent attempts to enhance distributional (or vector space) semantics of words with meaning composition, in particular with Fregean compositionality. The author discusses the nature and performance of distributional semantic representations and argues against the thesis that semantics is in some sense identical with distribution. Instead he proposes that distribution is merely a reflection of semantics, and a substantially imperfect one. That raises some doubts regarding the very idea of obtaining semantic representations for larger wholes (phrases, sentences) by combining the distributional representations of particular items. In any case, the author rejects the generally unquestioned assumption that formal semantics provides a good theory of semantic composition, which it would be desirable to combine with distributional semantics (as a theory that is highly successful on the lexical field). He suggests that a positive alternative to the strong reading of the distributional hypothesis can be seen in the philosophy of inferentialism with respect to language meaning. The author argues that the spirit of inferentialism is reasonably compatible with the current practice of distributional semantics, and he discusses the motivations for as well as the obstacles in the way of implementing the philosophical position in a computational framework.
2

ON CONTEXT SHIFTERS AND COMPOSITIONALITY IN NATURAL LANGUAGES

100%
Briciu A.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 1
2 - 20
EN
The aim of this paper is to prove certain relations between some type of hyper-intensional operators, namely context shifting operators, and compositionality in natural languages. Various authors (e.g. von Fintel & Matthewson 2008; Stalnaker 2014) have argued that context-shifting operators are incompatible with compositionality. In fact, some of them understand Kaplan’s (1989) famous ban on context-shifting operators as a constraint on compositionality. Others, (e.g. Rabern 2013) take context-shifting operators to be compatible with compositionality but, unfortunately, do not provide a proof, or an argument in favour of their position. The aim of this paper is to do precisely that. Additionally, the author provides a new proof that compositionality for propositional content (intension) is a proper generalization of compositionality for character (hyper-intensions).
3
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K problému kompozicionality jazykového významu

88%
Beneš M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2011
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vol. 94
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issue 2
57-71
EN
The first part of this article documents the fact that all four possible combinations of the Czech adjectives zeleznicni (rail) and silnicni (road) and nouns podjezd (underpass) and nadjezd (overpass) can refer to both of the two possible kinds of grade-separated road/railway crossings. The second part of the article discusses this particular fact in connection with the notion of compositionality and interprets it using the procedural model of language constructed by the Polish linguist Dorota Zielinska. It is argued that compositionality cannot be viewed as a phenomenon defined in a binary manner, but rather, that being (non-)compositional is a matter of degree.
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