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TRI FILMY O NEDÔVERE. NEDÔVERA V SYSTÉMOVÉ PRVKY SPOLOČNOSTI V SLOVENSKEJ KINEMATOGRAFII OBDOBIA KONSOLIDÁCIE

100%
Dudková J.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 4
345 – 360
EN
Using the example of three films – Kandidát (The Candidate, 2013, dir. Jonáš Karásek), Pirko (Little Feather, 2016, dir. Lucia and Petr Klein Svoboda), and Únos (Kidnapping, 2017, dir. Mariana Čengel-Solčanská), the present study deals with distrust in the systemic elements of society in Slovak feature films in the period following the establishment of the Audio-visual Fund (2009). By means of a thematic and stylistic analysis, it points to the similarities between the selected films. It shows their rootedness in the established trends of Slovak cinema as well as their diversion from them, which is mirrored in their dialogical work with the phenomenon of reality, by creating an illusion of anticipation or influencing future action.
2

KOGNITÍVNY A EVOLUČNÝ KONTEXT ŠÍRENIA KONŠPIRAČNÝCH TEÓRIÍ

100%
Bahna V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 3
195 – 206
EN
The goal of this article is to provide a cognitive explanation of some aspects of conspiracy theories which influence their spread in society. One important human mental capacity is the ability to produce beliefs about mental states (intentions, motivation, emotions etc.) of others. This ability, also called the Theory of Mind, enables humans to produce complex social interactions and effective cooperation but it is also crucial in creation of coalitions, cheater detection and in prediction of threats from other conspecifics. Previous research shows that socially spread explanations of world phenomena, which trigger these mental mechanisms (i.e. they propose human like intentions as causes of these phenomena), have better inferential potential whereby they become intuitively more relevant as alternative explanations. In this context the author argues that conspiracy theories, just because of how they are defined, are cognitively attractive as they postulate a potential threat as a result of hidden intentions of some group of people.
3

NÁBOŽENSTVO V RUKÁCH POLITICKEJ MOCI: NÁBOŽENSKÁ SITUÁCIA V 90. ROKOCH V SRBSKU

100%
Djurišic D.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2007
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vol. 14
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issue 1
96-107
EN
The text deals with the political situation in Serbia during the 1990s related religious changes. 1990s witnessed on one hand a growth in the influence of the Orthodox Church; on the other hand there was an expansion of various kinds of occult beliefs. During the war period and crisis, state television broadcasted programs in which prophets, diviners etc. spoke about situation in Serbia and about its future. Mostly, they favored Milosevic's regime. Conspiracy of the dark western forces plotting against Serbia was a frequent motif. The authoress tries to show how the regime used the prophets and fortune tellers for its own aims in order to manipulate the Serbian citizens. Comparing this situation with one in Slovakia she introduces possible explanations of both this situation and of the prophets' popularity among people.
4

“WE ARE IN CONTROL”: INSTAGRAM INFLUENCERS AND THE PROLIFERATION OF CONSPIRACY NARRATIVES IN DIGITAL SPACES

88%
Heřmanová M.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 3
349 – 368
EN
Female spiritual influencers on Instagram engage with conspiracy content and appeal to the issue of control over female bodies to bridge the gap between mainstream and fringe online spaces. I use the concept of “third space” to analyse the dynamics of Instagram communities around spiritual influencers and highlight how these communities operate as spaces for political discussion while simultaneously appearing apolitical from the outside. Analysing data from participant observation and interviews with six female Czech spiritual influencers, I place their online communication and presentation within the context of the conspirituality movement (Ward, Voas, 2011). Furthermore, I present ethnographic evidence on how the influencers moved from spiritual to conspiritual content within their everyday online performances.
5

BÍDA RACIONÁLNÍ IRACIONALITY: PŘÍPAD KONSPIRAČNÍCH TEORIÍ

88%
Tvrdý F.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2022
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vol. 77
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issue 10
743 – 755
EN
Discussions in contemporary epistemology are burdened with confusions about the terms “rational”, “rationality” and their antonyms. In economy, for an agent to be rational simply means to satisfy the Bayesian probability axioms, but the situation in philosophy is much more complicated. Two kinds of rationality are usually distinguished. Epistemic rationality is an ability to achieve justified and true beliefs, whereas instrumental rationality is a capacity to act in accordance with one’s own interests. This division cleared the way to contemplation about rational irrationality, which is the case when an acceptance of epistemically unwarranted beliefs may increase instrumental profit for an individual. In my article, I will criticize this approach. The proponents of rational irrationality 1) misunderstand the primacy of epistemic rationality over instrumental one; 2) underestimate social nature of normative terms; and 3) misinterpret the evolution of human cognition. I will illustrate my conclusions with an example from applied epistemology – conspiracy theories. It is misleading and disparaging to use the term “rational” in relation to sets of unjustified beliefs that are based on conspiratorial ideation. If philosophers cannot make their ideas on rationality clear, it might be better to leave out rationality completely from the epistemological discourse.
6

SPECIFIC SOCIAL FUNCTION OF RUMOURS AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES: STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY’S TIES IN TROUBLE TIMES. A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

88%
Giry J.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 2
187 – 202
EN
This paper hypothesizes that conspiracy theories and rumours are an act of social conformism. The evaluation of their plausibility, and their success, is collectively determinate regarding the established values of an in-group and the social context. In periods of troubles they flourish to reaffirm themselves and strengthen community’s ties, structures and leaderships. After a theoretical introduction, the author will demonstrate this assumption through a multilevel analysis (macro, meso, micro) which considers a wide range of social situations from the French Revolution to neighbourhood conflicts and from open riots to latent crises.
7

BIG SUPPLA: CHALLENGING THE COMMON VIEW OF THE SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBS INDUSTRY AFFECTS THE WILLINGNESS TO TRY AND RECOMMEND THEIR PRODUCTS

88%
Mijatović N., Šlijivić J., Tošić N., Conić L., Petrivić M., Žeželj I.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 1
91 – 103
EN
Resorting to complementary/alternative medical (CAM) therapies can lead to bad health outcomes or interfere with officially recommended therapies. CAM use is, nevertheless, widespread and growing. This could be partially due to the perception of the CAM industry as powerless and non-profit oriented, in contrast to the pharmaceutical industry (“Big Pharma”). In reality, both industries are highly profitable and powerful; to highlight this similarity, science communicators coined the term “Big Suppla”. Drawing from a sample of 242 participants upon all exclusions, we experimentally tested whether varying these attributes in presenting the industries impacts consumers’ evaluation of the two categories of products (herbs and supplements) and their willingness to try and recommend them. We also tested whether the effect is moderated by conspiratorial thinking, and whether it is due to a change in trust. All hypotheses were pre-registered. As expected, participants who read the Big Suppla vignette decreased the endorsement of both supplements and herbs, whilst, against our hypotheses, there were no significant changes in endorsement in the contrasting “Baby Suppla” group. Conspiratorial thinking was related to more endorsement of CAM, but it did not moderate the experimental effects. We also did not observe the expected mediation by trust. Our most robust results corroborate the idea that challenging the myth of benevolence of the CAM industry makes people more critical in evaluating its products or considering their usage. They support the intuitions of science communicators who coined the term Big Suppla, and can help in tailoring public health messages.
8

BETWEEN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND SAVING THE WORLD: PRACTICES AND NARRATIVES BY THE FALUN DAFA COMMUNITY IN BULGARIA

75%
Manova A.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 3
369 – 391
EN
This paper presents a research case study that explores in depth the question of the function of conspiracy theories and their uses among a religious community during a Global Pandemic. Falun Dafa is a new religious movement that emerged in China and was banned by the Chinese Communist Party. Growing into a global community, it has nowadays followers in many countries, including Bulgaria. The movement’s complex doctrine includes visions of the impending destruction of humanity. Today, they serve as a well-prepared coping mechanism to deal with the crisis, having set their apocalyptic expectations long before the advent of COVID-19. Based on years of observation of the community in Bulgaria, I explore how the conspiracy narratives, underlying this movement, help to reassure and restore psychological balance among followers and how the conspiratorial attitudes get stabilized in such situation of Global Crisis.
9

Critical Thinking and the Challenges of Internet

63%
Plencner A.
Communication Today
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
4-19
EN
In this article, the author addresses some challenges to information searches and information evaluation which were brought by the Internet. Large segments of audience are exaggerating their awareness and do not realize that their online behavior is driven more by emotions than by critical assessment of primary sources. The result is growing popularity of conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, propaganda, and alternative medicine. These are all examples of biased reasoning. Due to scientists, scholars, teachers, and journalists, this trend can be considered as a potential threat to public health and democracy. Publics incapable of informed choices can be manipulated to support radical political utopia or to reject evidence based treatments. Some basic principles of media literacy, scientific literacy and critical thinking are outlined. They can be used as tools for raising awareness, enhancing reasoning and adopting more objective perspective. This article is based on assumption that behind irrational beliefs there often lies anxiety, precondition for distrust derived from childhood. Not only general users of the Internet tend to overestimate their competence in domains of their interest (so called Dunning-Kruger effect), their behavior may be affected by unrecognized emotional agenda (cautious monitoring of environment for danger, suspicious attitude towards authority figures and official sources of information). The article is enclosed with some recommendation how to evaluate information sources on the Internet and how to be more empathetic in online discussions in order to inspire to reasonable and healthy choices.
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